《医学心理学资料：Stress2.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《医学心理学资料：Stress2.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Psychological Stress Institute of medical psychology Panfang Introduction/background What is stress? Did you have stressful feeling? And what is your idea about stress in our life? Stress and health are closed linked. It is well known that either quick or constant stress can induce risky body-mind d
2、isorder.Introduction/backgroundmental disorders included anxiety, tension, sleeplessness. Physiological disorders are stress related disorders, these disorders are the diseases brought on or worsened by stress include hypertension, headaches, backpain and skin disorder. Stress also believed to contr
3、ibute to coronary heart disease and some cases of cancer.Introduction/backgroundNow, we know that the stress can be used as a term for “bad effects，but if we have propose stress, we will feel Vigorous and exciting, sometimes we could do best job under propose stress than in usual.Background急性和长期慢性应激
4、可导致个体患心理疾病和躯体疾病的危险性增加。据 估计，有75%以上健康问题是与应激相关。心理疾病包括：抑郁症、焦虑症、失眠（21世纪影响人类健康的三大心理 问题，是自杀的主要危险因素。我国每年有25万人自杀成功，自杀未遂者 约250万。精神/心理疾病在我国疾病总负担中排在首位躯体疾病包括：高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、癌症等（21世纪影响人类健康 和导致死亡的主要疾病，心脑血管疾病和肿瘤占死亡率的67.59%；发病年 龄提前）。Background研究提示,有相当大的一局部与应激相关的健康问题可以通过改变生活方式得到改善。人们愈来愈认识到，能否有效地应对(cope with)和处理(manage)应
5、激是当今一项重要的医 疗、保健手段。Questions about stress What is stress? What is coping? Why / how can stress effect health and disease?The conception of stress1. Some people think that stress is reaction to any demand placed on a person.2. The others define stress to be a disturbance of a persons normal psychologi
6、cal or physiological state.3. Stress is experienced when there is an awareness of a substantial imbalance between demand and capability.4. Stress is an internal process that occurs when a person is faced with a demand that is perceived to exceed the resources available to effectively respond to it,
7、and where failure to effectively deal with the demand has important undesirable consequences.eg: Final examine; go to abroad to study; experience earthquake;The development of definition of stress Selyecs stress theory (1936)general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S.)(一舟殳性适 应性反响) (1) Alarm stage (2) resist
8、ance stage (3) exhaustion stageSelye(1936,1967)通过实验将应激定义为“机体对任何需求所引起的非特异 性反响，即一般适应综合征(general adaptation syndrome,GAS)GAS各阶段 的变化都是垂体-肾上腺皮质引起，这就是Selye应激学说的核心内容。休克 抗休克How to understand the stress(1) stressor-siimuIus event such as earthquakes.(2response-bodily reaction (mental/physiological) to stress
9、ful event(3)fransacf/ons-interaction between event and our personal cognitive appraisal of those events/physiological mechanism Stress may be studies from any one of three perspectives above.I.The definition of stressorA physical and psychological stimulus that creates a demand within a responding o
10、rganism Divorce, final exams,kinds of Stressor(1)Physical Stressors: extreme heat or cold, noise, and microorganisms are the physical stressors.(2)Psychology stressors: stress resource mentally. Conflict, frustration, low self-esteemabout the conflictConflict: conflict occurs when a person must choo
11、se between incompatible,contradictory,or mutually exclusive goals or courses of action.conflict can occur when two inner needs are in opposition, when two external demands pull the person in different directions.About conflictsKind of conflicts:Approach-approach conflict Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
12、 Approach-Avoidance conflictDouble Approach-Avoidance conflictAbout FrustrationFrustration is both a result of conflict and a source of stress in itself. We experience frustration when the attainment of some desired goal has been blocked .Five sources of frustration.Delays- Means spent longer time t
13、o do thing.1 .Lack of resources, means have no ability, money, time to do sth.2 .Loss.death of a loved onejoss of friendships.failure.5.1 VIeaninglessness. There is nothing to be done.About low self-esteemThreats to Self-Esteem self image to be damagedlow self-esteemMeans there is something can dama
14、ge your self image (failure, to be not accepted by important person) - then make them unhappy and disappointment. ?any other stressor (social/ cultural)kinds of Stressor(3)social stressorsocial events stressful life events daily hassles stress related working environmental stressor kinds of Stressor
15、(4)cultural stressor language custom behavior ideascan induce conflict, frustration and stress College life stress inventory (from Renner, MJ and Macklin, RS, 1998)Eventsstress ratingsbeing raped100Finding out that you are HIV positive100Financial difficulties84falling asleep in class40attending an
16、athletic event (football game)20Research of stressor According to Herbert and Cohen (1993)(1)events (how many) acute, constant, long time(3)the nature of stressor (positive or negative)2.The transaction of stress (mentally)subjective cognitive appraisalthis means personalized influenced by familiari
17、ty with the event, its controllability, its predictability.Cognitive appraisal is central to the stress and coping processes, for it determines how an event is perceived and therefore operates as an essential mediator between the event and the outcome.About cognitive appraisal of stressAccording to
18、the transaction theory, the cognitive appraisal of stress is a two-part processes which involves a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal. Primary appraisal involves the determination of an event as stressful.About cognitive appraisal of stressIf the event is appraised as stressful, the event i
19、s then evaluated as either a harm/loss5 a threat, or a challenge, each of these categories generates different emotional responses. Harm/loss stressors can elicit anger, disgust, sadness, or disappointment. Threatening stressors can produce anxiety and challenging stressors can produce excitement.2.
20、The interaction of stress (mentally)2.2 Personality traits(1)Anxiety: a fear response to a perceived future threat (2)Depression:a mood disorder characterized by excessive sadness(3)Learned helplessness:Occurs when a person has learned to be helpless in one situation and transfers that appraisal to
21、a new situation in which an adequate response is possible.2.2 Personality traits(4)Hostility: a state of antagonism or enmity(5)Self-absorbed: excessively engrosses in ones self or ones affairs.(6)Vigilance:alert watchfulness.?any personality traits can protect one from stress damage/more easy to ha
22、ndle with stress (3 C)2.2The researches of personality traitsType A personalityType C personality Conflict situation Hardy personality 2.3 coping What is coping?Characteristic way of one handle with stress.Types of coping: Coping can be divided into two types, problem solving and emotional copingTyp
23、es of copingProblem solving: attempts to change the conditions that produce stress, eg. Reduce the tension of noise, study hard, and take rest.Emotional coping: altering of oneself to reduce tress, eg: cry, doing exercise and relax.2.4 social support social supportsocial support social support means
24、 one get the help from relatives and friends (substance and mental) Social support can decrease the level of negative emotion and bodily responses(indirectly regulation), and improve the health state of the body to protect body (independently).The transaction of stress (physiologically)2 . The stres
25、s of responsePhysiological response (did you have experienced emergency situation ?)According to Selye9s and Cannon : the response of stress is Fight and flight responseFightconfrontation FlightescapeThe picture showsThe picture shows stress system deal with nerve system, endocrine system and immune
26、 system.They regulate the function of the body in normal condition. Dysregulation will happen under stress, physiological and psychological responses appear, and at last, the symptoms of stress also appear.the picture shows.F.F response is a body reaction include nearly all organs of body.1 .AII the
27、 changes could make people to have ability to F. or F.2 . But if the response last long time, the organs cannot load the changes, the “bad effects“ of stress will appear. Sometimes, the function of organs become abnormal.3.2 Psychological stress response.Excessive and compulsive behaviors, such as n
28、ail biting, overeating, picking and talking.2.lllogical and noncoherent thinking, as evidenced by memory loss,repetitive thoughts,reduced ability to solve day to day problems.3.negative emotion, such as anger,anxiety, depressionguiltfor shame.The process of stressHandle with stress1. rethink （再思）red
29、uce （降彳氐）2. elimination （消除）avoidance （回避）3. change （改变）relax （放松）4. release （释放）5. reorganization （重组）Reading material （1）: how to stay health1 .CIam down: exercise is a good beginning, running, walking, swimming, or the other aerobic exercise lowers your resting heart rate and blood pressure.2 .Re
30、ach out a strong net work of friend and family who provide social support.3 .Learn to cope effectively. This means your appraise of event can minimize or maximize stress and its impact on health.Reading material （2）:stress, heredity, and the environmentHPA axis response varies from person to person, heredity and stress in early life can effect the responsibility. Please give us explanation in details.Discussion zStress and major event Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahes1 study -Stress and major event objective, method, sample conclusionThank you very much!