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1、精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionText A Preparatory Work 1a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior within an organization, social system, or
2、 society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of memb
3、ers of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used
4、to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release
5、 of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeyingthe law, refraining fromdrug and alcohol use, avoiding contact withthe parolee svictims,obtaining employment, and maintainingrequired contacts witha parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is the re-
6、integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminalrecidivism.Alternatives toimprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the o
7、ffender.2Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior 2nd ed. Reading, MA:AddisonWesley., 1977, Psychology 3rdEdition,Reading, MA:Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2022, The LuciferEffect: Understanding HowGood People Turn Evi
8、l , Random House, New York, 2022Main research interests:social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study related to discharged soldiers.3可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Name of experimentDescriptionoftheexperimentExperiment on obedienceAseriesofsocialpsychology experiments condu
9、cted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingnessRelation of the experiment with the textCloselyrelatedwiththetext since they are all about the effect of assigned roles.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 7 页 - - - -
10、- - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Small-worldexperiment six degrees of separationof study participants, men fromadiverse range of occupations withvarying levelsofeducation,to obeyanauthorityfigure whoinstructedthemto performactsconflictin
11、g withtheirpersonal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a veryhighproportionof people wereprepared to obey,albeitunwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress. Thesmall-world experimentcomprised severalexperiments conductedbyStanley Milgramandother researcherse
12、xamining the average pathlengthfor social networks of people inthe United States. The research wasgroundbreaking in that it suggested that human societyisa small-world-type network characterized by short path-lengths.The experiments are often associatedwith the phrase“ sixdegreesofNot closely relate
13、d with the text since the experiment is about social networkingbetween individuals in the United States.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_separation , ”althoughMilgramdid notuse this term himself.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text 1.PartParasMain idea可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_I. Anecdoteand introduction1
14、-2A case showing the necessity for prison reform可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_II. Body3-10the experimentThe experiment of a mock prison w
15、ith guards and prisoners were carried out and had to end earlier because of the frightening effect.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_III. Findings11-13 implication Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, willp
16、ower, or other empiricallyun-validated constructs.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_IV. Conclusion14effectsof prison2.The prison situation is guaranteed togenerate severe pathological reactionsinbothguardsand prisonersastodebasetheir humanity, and make it difficult for them to be part of a society outside of
17、their prison.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(1) Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisonersitsuation to plead for prison reform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.(2) They conduct an experiment about the effects ofprison on both guards and prisoners.(3) They wan
18、t to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or a prison guard.(4) The 24 participants are selected randomly fromvolunteer students in Palo Altocity and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison.(5) At Stanford University in 1971.(6) The experi
19、ment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7) Because theeffects ofprisonabusing and beingabused onthose being experimented are frightening.(8) The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness ofsituational controls over behavior.(9) Individual behavior is largely under the con
20、trol of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people, perhaps themajority,can bemade todoalmostanythingwhenputintopsychologically compelling situations regardless of their morals, ethics, values,attitudes, beliefs, or personal c
21、onvictions.II. Evaluation and exploration1Hypothesis: the change ofenvironmentincludingchanged rolesaffects one s behavior students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which are可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精
22、品资料_all different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizenCause:prison and assigned new roles changed environmentEffect: rational people with humanity were turned to abusers and victims Independent variable: the participants as human beings the same human beings Stimulus:
23、 change of environment/rolesDependent variable:behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individualsis basically valid and convincing, and similar experiments also prove that most peoples behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new ro
24、les they areassigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmeddue tothe ethical concern the harm caused by the experiment on the participants. And also, since the participants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same unlike the natural science experiment w
25、hich can be repeated with precision and same result.2Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior of the human beinsg.Differences: Zimbardo esxperiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior onthose who are assigned new roles
26、 prison effect while Stanley s experiment focuse on authority s influence on individuals in normal circumstances authority effect.3Power and its execution are closely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if ther
27、e are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight againstcorruption in campaigns or through legal means, but it s more important to set upmechanism to balance the role given to power-holders. 4Zimbardo sstatement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about h
28、umansand their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonableto argue that most people are influenced by the change of environment and adapt to itquickly,whichmeans personal “ freedom ”is conditioned. However, there areexceptions, and this statement cannot explain the be
29、havior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power.5These exceptional examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death Wen Tianxiang, LiuHulan, John Brown etc. They have to c
30、hoose between lifeand death very quicklyand sometimes they act frominstinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional cases they all havevery strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.6可编辑
31、资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions psychological factor of self-image for the donors, there are at least two more reasons. One is religious reason most people inthe West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty to help the poor in the form of
32、 material, money, or time. The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to giveaway a fraction of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. There rother reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation. 7Simply p
33、ut, the merit of“group think ”is that it can mobilize a uniformed collectiveforce to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to accomplish through teamwork and national solidarity. The demerit of “ groupthink ”is that the group leader s view might be o-snieded and flawed, and the wrong
34、decision or policy basedon it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easilyresultinthe circumstance ofstrong leader/dictator vs.obedient/populist followers; and in many cases the“ truth” is not neycinestshaerhands of the majority. 8Clinical trials are expe
35、riments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies onhuman participantsare designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and knowninterventions thatwarrantfurtherstudyandcomparison. Clinicaltria
36、lsgenerate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean
37、 that the therapy is safe or effective, only that the trialmay be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enrollvolunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. The key point here
38、 is: All participants are volunteers who choose clinical trial when other means fail.Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals ranges from thetens of millions to more than 100 million used in animal experiment annually. In the EU, these species represent 93% of animals used in
39、research. If the same was true in the US then the total number of animals used in research is estimated to be between 12 and 25 million.Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment.Supporters of the use of animalsin experiments, such as the British RoyalSociety, argue that virtually
40、 every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals insome way. The Institute forLaboratory AnimalResearch ofthe U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal withthe extrem
41、ely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment. Animalrights, and some animal welfare, organizations question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back
42、by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmed可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_in experimentation.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases
43、1.1C&F 2B&C 3E&F 4E&F 5A&D6C&E 7A&F 8B&F 9D&E 10B&C2.（ 1）拼图、勾画（ 2）构建（名词）（3）建造（动词）（ 4）建筑物（ 5）档案（ 6）（一列）纵队（ 7）（用锉刀）锉（ 9）提出、提交（ 10）呼吁、要求（ 11）上诉（ 12）心情感染、情感诉求（ 13）吸引力（ 14）从 悬吊下来（ 15）停职（ 16） 暂停（ 17）悬浮（ 18）吸引（ 19）雇佣（ 20）交战、接触（ 21）忙于（ 22）面对、触及3.1 die away 2 need 3 call for 4 overwhelmed 5 assessed6 result
44、in 7 function 8 filed 9 prayed 10 predicting4.1served as 2end up with 3differentiate between 4dissolved into(5) prevent from(6) tradefo7r attribute to 8 inflicted9odnerived from 10 pass outII. Sentences and discourse 1.(1) This powerful appeal for prisonreform was sent to me in a secret letter from
45、a prisoner. He cannot reveal his name because of still being rehabilitated.(2) The guards were informed of the potential seriousness and danger of the situation as well as their own weaknesses during the experiment.(3) In less than a week, the experience of imprisonment dissolved all good things that they ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and s-eclfoncepts while theugliest and most basic sick side of human nature came into the surface.(4) Individual behavior is largely influenced and dominated by social forces and environmental factors ins