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1、2023年新高考英语读后续写提分技能3.04语篇的大麻意义与读后续写的意义构建不回顾语篇是社会成员之间进行社会意义交换的互动过程,是一个有意义组成的语义单位;整个语义系统 都在形成语篇。语言有三大元功能,即概念功能、人际功能和语篇(谋篇)功能。在交际的过程中,发话 者运用语言表达人们在现实世界中的各种经历(概念功能)和人与人之间的相互关系(人际功能),并通 过连贯的语篇(语篇功能)将概念意义和人际意义现实化。读后续写是一种将语言输出与输入紧密结合、旨在加速提高学生语言运用能力的方法。此法的任务设 计简单易行,只需将一篇读物的结尾抹去,让学生阅读截留局部,在理解的基础上续写,补全内容。普 通高等
2、学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明(高考综合改革试验省份试用)(教育部考试中心,2015; 以下简称考试说明)指出:写作是四项语言技能不可分割的一个重要局部,更是语言生成能力的重要 表现形式。读后续写提供一段350词以内的语言材料,要求考生依据该材料内容、所给段落开头语和所标 识的关键词进行续写(150词左右),将其开展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。纵 观考试说明的要求,我们不难看出,读后续写的目的不但是要写作局部与所给材料局部实现情节上的 完整性,更重要要的是要在整体语篇上实现概念功能、人际功能与语篇功能的有机统一,从而实现语篇意 义的连贯性。根据系统功能语言学的观点,语
3、言具有人际功能。也就是说,人类可以通过语言来表达人际意义,包 括言语在人际互动中的功能及说话人的态度与判断等;由此人类得以建立和保持种种社会角色关系,进而 形成人类社会结构。我们先来看一组句子:AH right, last time, we did some practice from English to Chinese.Today, weHl start from Chinese to English, and weHl again, similarly, we will start with single sentences and then get into a passage.以上两
4、句话从静态语言的角度看,两句话都是直陈语气,其言语功能都是陈述,说明教师正在提供信 息。但是从动态语言的角度考虑,两个句子的主语都是we,都是指正在进行言语互动的人(包括说话人 与听话人),但是两个句子所使用的时态不一样,从句中的过去时(did)转为句中的将来时(will), 这说明从言语互动的现场角度看,句指向互动人此前进行的信息交换,而句那么指向互动人即将进行 的信息交换。这种变化中的人际意义特征不仅是动态的,而且还超出直陈语气结构所构建的言语功能范围。 由此可见,语篇在表达概念意义及语篇意义的同时,还同时传达了大量的人际意义。人际意义在语法和语音上主要包括语气系统、情态系统与语调系统三个
5、系统。语气系统主要用以表达 说话者与听话者之间的交流角色关系,如求取者还是给予者;情态系统主要表现交流双方的社会角色关系, 如地位高者所用情态值一般较高(如must, surely等),而地位低者那么相反(如maybe, perhaps等);语调系 统是口语语篇中表达人际意义的主要媒介之一,不仅能综合表达交流角色关系和社会橘色关系,还能表达Paragraph 2:So I wrote her a story, a kind of long-form apology, with Alice as the main character.【参考范文】She spent three weeks in
6、hospital. The day she got out I went over to her house. She was on so much medicine that she was sweating and her head was shaking. She had to make us leave the room when she needed to be lifted on to the toilet. I felt awful; I wanted to help, but not in a way that was motivated by guilt. If it wer
7、e me in that situation, I wouldnt want someone constantly pleasing me, begging for forgiveness. Alice wouldnt want that either.So I wrote her a story, a kind of long-form apology, with Alice as the main character. It was my way of saying sorry without a display of guilt. I read it to her in person w
8、hile we sat in the sun in her front garden. Alice is still recovering. The experience has shown me how solid our friendship is, because if there were ever a reason not to speak to someone any more, its because of the accident itself. But we were able to make each other laugh throughout the whole har
9、dship.【写作指导】本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了 Alice与作者在一次大学旅行时相识,并建立了深厚的友谊, 一天,作者在玩闹时不小心把Alice绊倒,Alice因腿部受了严重的伤而被送进医院,医院检查结果显示 Alice的腿骨多处骨折,受疫情影响,作者无法进入医院探望Alice, Alice告知作者不必因这场意外太过 担忧。1 .段落续写:由第一段首句内容“她在医院度过了三个星期。”可知,第一段可描写Alice出院后作者去看望她的情景。 由第二段首句内容“所以我给她写了一个故事,一种长篇的抱歉,以Alice为主角。”可知,第二段可描 写作者为Alice读自己写的信来表达歉意及这次经历带给
10、作者的感悟。2 .续写线索:去看望AliceAlice状况不好感觉糟糕读信表达歉意感悟.词汇激活 行为类 发抖:shake/tremble 离开房间:leave the room/go out of the room 抱歉:say sorry/apologize 情绪类糟糕:awful/terrible内疚:guilt/feel guilty【典型句式】句式 1. She was on so much medicine that she was sweating and her head was shaking. (由 so.that. .弓导的 结果状语从句)句式 2. If it were
11、 me in that situation, I wouldnt want someone constantly pleasing me, begging for forgiveness, (if引导的条件状语从句)句式 3. I read it to her in person while we sat in the sun in her front garden, (while 引导的时间状语从句) 3阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。On a Saturday night, I was just back from rock climbing. T
12、hat was a very cold night, the moon was high and I was looking forward to getting into my warm bed. My coach, Diana, came up to me as I went through the arches to my dorm. She took me to her home and told me that my mother had been hurt badly in a terrible car crash and taken to the ICU of a nearby
13、hospital.When I reached the hospital, my grandmother pulled me aside and said whatever I did, I mustnt cry in front of my mother.A nurse opened the door that led to a wide hallway with machines all around. My mothers room was right next to the nurses station. As I entered the room, I saw her lying o
14、n her side, with her tiny back to me and a pillow between her bandaged legs. She struggled to turn around but couldnt. I slowly moved to the other side of the bed and said “ hi ”in a calm voice, holding back my urge to cry out.Her faces were swollen like a soccer ball, her eyes had huge dark bruised
15、 rings, and she had tubes down her throat and in her arms.Gently holding my mothers cold swollen hands, I tried to keep my calmness. She kept looking at me as she hit the bed with her hand. She was trying to tell me how much pain she was suffering from. I turned my face away from her, trying to hide
16、 the tears that were rolling down my face. Eventually I had to leave her for a moment because I couldnt hold in my sorrow any longer. That was when it struck me that I really might lose my mother.I accompanied my mother all day long. She was able to whisper a few words, but I didnt know what to say.
17、 I felt like screaming but I knew I mustnt I went home and cried myself to sleep.注意:1 ,续写词数应为150左右;2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。From that night on, my life changed a lot.My mothers reliance on me changed our relationship.【参考范文】From that night on, my life changed a lot. Before that, I just enjoyed being a kid
18、, having to deal with only unimportant matters of my teenage life. Now I would feed her, bathe her and even help her to the toilet. It wasnt easy to do those things, but it felt good to be there when my mother really needed me. The difficult part for me was trying to keep my mothers spirits up and e
19、ncourage her to face life positively.My mother s reliance on me changed our relationship. In the past, we had many tensions of mother daughter relationships. The accident threw us into a relationship of interdependence. I had to help her regain her ability to restart an independent life. She had to
20、learn to accept my help as well as the fact that I was no longer a child. With our efforts, my mother recovered miraculously. We have become the closest friends. We genuinely listen to each other and truly enjoy each others company.【写作指导】本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了作者的母亲出了车祸,作者赶到医院看到母亲,忍住了想哭 出来的冲动。此后,作者开始照顾母亲,母亲对
21、自己的依赖也改变了他们的关系。他们成了亲密的朋友, 真诚地倾听对方,真正享受彼此的陪伴。1 .段落续写:由第一段首句内容“从那天晚上起,我的生活改变了很多。”可知,第一段可描写作者照顾母亲的经过。 由第二段首句内容“我母亲对我的依赖改变了我们的关系。”可知,第二段可描写他们关系发生了怎样的 变化。2 .续写线索:生活改变照顾母亲鼓励母亲关系改变成为朋友.词汇激活 行为类 喜欢:enjoy/ like 处理:deal with / cope with 恢复:recover/get well 情绪类紧张:tensions / nervousness真诚:genuinely /sincerely【典
22、型句式】句式 1 It wasnt easy to do those things, but it felt good to be there when my mother really needed me.(运用 了 when引导时间状语从句)句式 2 She had to learn to accept my help as well as the fact that I was no longer a child.(运用 了 同位语从句)发话者的态度、判断等。人际意义在词汇语法系统的功能矩阵中的表达(如表1所示)。表1:人际意义在词汇语法系统的功能矩阵中的表达例如:言语层级小句动词短语名
23、词短语副词短语词信息单位人际功能 表现形式语气人称态度评论词汇语域音调言语功能;情态显性的选项态度修饰语,加强语各类评论附加词表达性词汇,具有各类 文体色彩的词汇语调系统 A: What do you think of my dress?B: Well, the style is good.A: Where is Jack(the dog)?Bi:He is in bed.B2: He has eaten his supper.B3: His bowl is empty.这两组对话是日常生活中常见的话题与表达。英语中的语气词well可以用来表示说话人要思考一下 内容或措辞,传达了 B的基本态度
24、,因此句中的B虽然对衣服的风格给予了好的评价,但是却在其他 方面保存了自己的意见。句的日比B2、B3的回答都要直接,并且直接说明了 日的直陈式的回答,但 是B2、Ba的回答那么通过动词短语(has eaten, is empty)语篇一旦展开就开始用不同的方法影响读者/听者,和读者/听者建立不同的关系,拉进或推远读者/听 者。英语读后续写一般采用记叙文,利用表达的方式来阐述语篇的背景及其相关线索,并且在原文中还给 出了十个提示词语。读后续写的目的就在于让学生在读懂故事的中心意义的前提下,利用相关策略,补全 语篇并实现故事的合理结尾,在此过程中,语篇的人际意义需耍实现连贯统一。这样才能到达续写的
25、目的。 然而在实际的写作中,在把握语篇意义及概念意义的基础上,学生大多都可以帮作者完成故事的“结尾工 作。但是故事叙事的角度、作者的态度、主人公等的情态、以及整个事件的评价等,还很难实现与所给 局部内容的有机统一。因此,在英语读后续写的过程中,我们必须关注语篇的人际功能,从而更加有效地 构建续写局部与前文的意义统一。2016年10月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(浙江卷)读后续写试题第二节:读后续写(总分值25分)阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。One weekend in July, Jane and her husband, Tom, had driven thr
26、ee hours to camp overnight by a lake in the forest. Unfortunately, on the way an unpleasant subject came up and they started to quarrel. By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom, Im going to find a better spot for us to camp” and walked away.With no path to follow, J
27、ane just walked on for quite a long time. After she had climbed to a high place, she turned around, hoping to see the lake. To her surprise, she saw nothing but forest and, far beyond, a snow-cappedmoutain top. She suddenly realized that she was lost.“Tom! she cried. “Help!”No reply. If only she had
28、 not left her mobile phone in that bag with Tom. Jane kept moving, but the farther she walked, the more confused she became. As night was beginnning to fall, Jane was so tired that she had to stop for the night. Lying awake in the dark, Jane wanted very much to be with Tom and her family. She wanted
29、 to hold him and tell him how much she loved him.Jane rose at the break of day, hungry and thirsty. She could hear water trickling(滴落)somewhere at a distance. Quickly she followd the sound to a stream. To her great ioy, she also saw some berry bushes. She drank and ate a few berries. Never in her li
30、fe had she tasted anything better. Feeling stronger now, Jane began to walk along the stream and hope it would lead her to the lake.As she picked her way carefully along the stream, Jane heard a helicopter. Is that for me? Unfortunately, the trees made it impossible for people to see her from above.
31、 A few minutes later, anthor helicopter flew overhead. Jane took off her yellow blouse, thinking that she should go to an open area and flag them if they came back again.注意:1 所续写短文的词数应为150左右;2 .应使用5个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语;3 .续写局部分为两段,每段的开头语已经为你写好;4 .续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。Paragraph 1:But the helicopter did
32、n ft come back again, and the day became darker.Paragraph 2:Jane woke up at the daybreak.基于以上认识,下面我将以2016年10月普通局等学校招生全国统一考试(浙江卷)读后续写试题的 解读为例,探索如何在读后续写的过程中实现语篇的人际功能的统一。(一)理清语篇的语气系统在语篇层面上,交际双方对交际角色的理解、相互之间的人际关系的理解都可以在他们使用的语气系 统反映出来。语气系统描述和解释了人们如何通过语气的选择生成人际意义,实现语言的人际功能。在这 个读后续写的任务中,作者讲述了这样一个故事:夫妻二人(To
33、m和Jane)开车到一个湖边进行野营,途 中两人发生了争吵,结果Jane以寻找野营地点为由走开了;后来,Jane发现自己迷路了,并且在野外通过 自己的努力生活着。故事的结尾两端分别给出了首句,需要学生根据自己对故事的理解进行续写。通过对 所给的局部的内容,我们可以分析出有关作者以及故事中主人公的语气的表达(如表2所示)。表2:作者与故事主人公的语气系统主体句子/话语举例所表达的人际意义表达主体 (作者)One weekend in July, Jane and her husband, Tom, had driven three hours.(2)With no path to follow,
34、 Jane just walked on for.作者采用的表达主体是利用第三人称。表达部 分多用陈述句,表达的是过去已经发生的事情; 表达用第三人称,这说明作者只是一个故事的 讲述者。通过前述分析可以得出:作者对故事But the helicopter didnt come back again, and the day became darker.Jane woke up at the daybreak.的语气是直陈式的,其目的在于向读者“讲故 事故事主人公(Jane)she said to Tom, Im going to find a better spot for us to cam
35、p.TonTshe cried. Help!” Is that for me?这三句话反映了故事的人物Jane的心理变化过 程。句与句含有直接引语,并且这两句是 所给的材料中唯一的直接引语。从作者/说者的 角度来说,使用直接引语就会有一种“事件重 现”的感觉;从读者/听者的角度来说,通过直 接引语,容易在脑海里建立起一种活生生的形 象,会产生一种亲临其境的感觉(徐赳赳, 1996)。句属于人物的自由间接引语(余素青, 2013)o该句打破了整个故事的时间序列结构, 使用了一般现在时,让过去和现在彼此交叉, 再现了人物的内心语言及其意识活动(申丹, 1991)o通过、的分析,我们可以看出 故事中
36、主人公的语气变化:从陈述句、到感叹 句最后到疑问句,因而也表达出Jane的从内心 对Tom的不满,渐渐转变为向Tom的求助,到 最后对Tom的理解和思念。语篇中的句子不仅因为它们所表达的事实之间的关系而连贯,而且还因为它们的意义之间的关系而连贯。通过对语篇的作者的表达的语气系统、以及故事中主人公的语气系统的变化的分析,我们可以利用通过续写局部的两段话的首句分析得出在写作过程中,需要延续的语气系统(如表3所示)。表3:续写局部的语气系统的延续(-)把握情态的叙事意义续写段落所给首句主体语气系统延续Paragraph 1But the helicopter didnt come back agai
37、n, and the day became darker.表达主体 (作者)表达的时态以过去时间为主;语气采用直陈语 气,并且重在“讲述”,不发表评论。故事主人公 (Jane)由于此段是对原文第六段的延续,并且有衔接文 章最后一段的作用,因此,故事主人公的语气应 该继续沿着第六段中的“Is that for me”这种疑 问而又迫切的心理过程推进。Paragraph 2Jane woke up at the daybreak.表达主体 (作者)表达的时态以过去时间为主;语气采用直陈语 气,并且重在“讲述”;但是,结尾局部需要通 过“讲述”构建作者对整个事件的评价故事主人公(Jane)承接续写的
38、第一段,此段应该是整个故事的结尾 阶段,因此续写局部需要交代主人公最后整个语 气的变化,以突显故事的主题思想。情态是句子语义的限定成分,可以反映说话人对命题成立之可能性的判断。情态意义可以分为“内在”和“外在”(即“义务”和“认识”)两种。英语的情态系统分为情态化和意态两个子系统。情态化涉及到发话人对命题的可能性作出的判断,而意态那么涉及到发话人对命题的合意性作出的判断(如表4所示)。表4:英语的情态系统交换物言语功能中介类型实例信息命题陈述, 提问情态化概率频率It must be true.It certainly is true.It certainly must be true.It
39、must happen.It always happen.It must always happen.物品与服 务提议命令思态义务You must be patient.Youre required to be patient.提供意愿I must win!Im determined to win!语篇的情态的交际价值在于为作者/说者自己留有余地,同时也给读者/听者提供意义协商的空间。在书面语篇中,读者和作者之间没有真正意义上的面对面的意义协商,但是情态系统的存在能运用语篇效果尽力创造出一种读者参与的话语环境。根据以上关于英语情态系统的讨论,我们可以在续写结尾前,对所给材料中的情态系统及其表达
40、方式作一个分析(如表5所示),以便能够在续写局部实现情态系统表达的一致。表5:读后续写材料的情态系统分析情态表达所属段落类别作者用意unfortunatelyto her surprise第二段与语气系统有关的评注性评价成分表示情态意义的介词短语suddenly ( realized that.)If only (she had.)第二段第四段与时间有关的情态附加成分人际语法隐喻(相当于语气附 加成分)could (hear water trickling.)to her great joy carefully (along the way.)(Unfortunately, the trees
41、 made it ) impossibleshould (go to .)第五段第五段第六段第六段情态助动词表示情态意义的介词短语与动作倾向性有关的情态附加 成分情态形容词性谓语(be impossible to do)的缩略结构表达了作者对所表达的事实的态度 和观点反映了故事主人公的心态变化,及对 新出现的情况的看法反映了故事主人公对自己所处环境 的理解既反映出作者对主人公的遭遇的评 价,也反映出了主人公内心对自己的 处境的评价反映了故事主人公对周围环境的认 知反映出故事主人公的心态的变化 刻画了故事主人公小心翼翼的心态情态助动词与unfortunately同时出现在一个句子 里,突显了环境
42、因素对故事主人公的 影响反映出故事主人公对自己此刻的责 任的认识(三)关注表达的语调线索语调是语篇的精神气质、语言格调;语调是一个着眼于作者/说者的概念,作者/说者可以利用挖苦的、忧郁的、严肃的、文雅的、顽皮的、规范的、疑惑的、积极的或消极的等语调;与此相对应的是基调,基调是气氛或气氛,是读者/听者进入语篇情境所呼吸到的气息,可以是沉闷的、紧张的、平静的、欢乐的、恐惧的或令人喜爱的等。英语中的语调类型与语气结构所表达的言语功能具有关联性;语调类型还可以表达对可能性、有效性或相关性的推断等情态功能,并能反映巾说者的态度、礼貌程度、确信、冷漠等情感基调。在这篇读后续写材料中,作者原文的语调线索也暗
43、示了本文结尾的走向(如表8所示),因此分析语篇中的语调变化,也能为续写的结尾打下很好的基础。表6:续写材料典型语调线索的人际功能分析典型语调线索典型语调线索所属段落人际功能分析对续写局部的启示Unfortunately, on the way an unpleasant subjet came up .第一段unfortunately用升调,与用降调的unpleasant subject形成比照,给人的感觉是说者/作者所表 达的心情较为关切(翟学凤,2013)。此外,紧 接着的angry也用降调,这就进步突显了故 事中人物之间的矛盾与冲突。通过这一系列的语1 上的变化,从故事 始的突显矛盾冲突
44、E 降调,到故事开展匚 的倒装句的降调与考 问句的升调,完整土 表达了女主人公的。 心的“高傲一彷徨- 忧伤一振作”这样E 一条线索。那么在名 写局部的第段中, 从 “the day becarr darker v可以看出,i 段话需要承接前一F 中的“振作”这一八 态,在所用的语调) 能太欢快。续写的? 二段中的“Jane wok up at the daybreak ” 1 诉我们,既然是一, 结尾,那么此段必夕 要承接前一段、交彳 女主人公的一个完考 的“认识”上的结局 因而语调选择可以由 欢快的。5ij3JJq seCL?、早 7eil :IL.Jane was so angry th
45、at she said to Tom.but the farther she walked, the more confused she became.第四段语篇的第二、三两段是故事的进一步开展阶段, 第四段承接前三段,进一步交代了故事的冲突。 在这两个句子中,farther, confused, tired 与 for the night用的都是降调,强调了女主人公内心 的变化,突出了其内心的焦虑与不安。.Jane was so tired that she had to stop for the night.Never in her life had she tasted anything
46、 better.第五段本句是倒装句,整个句子在读的过程中都要采 取重读、降调的形式。倒装句是一种信息重构 方式(文旭等,2004)o在语篇构建的过程中, 倒装句可以用来调整信息和新信息的编排 顺序、使语篇上下文在结构上衔接、语义上连 贯,从而保证语篇信息流的畅通(张克定, 2001 )o这句话承接上文,交代了女主人公内心 对生活的当前认识,也为后面其心理开展奠定 了基础。Is that for me?第六段这句话是一般疑问句,在朗读的时候要采用高 升调,表达了一种不肯定、不完整或附属等概 念(翟学凤,2014)o用在第六段中,进一步明 确了女主人公“急迫”的心态。(四)激发故事的情感体验情感线
47、索是表达的语篇的人际功能的重要方式。情感直接表达作者/说者的站位和观点、看法和方式, 主要表达人际功能的实现是通过现实情感还是非现实情感、是行为起伏还是性情、是高兴还是不高兴、是 平安还是不平安。所以,在分析语篇的材料时,语篇所蕴含的情感及其表达方式就尤其需要我们关注。用 语言表达情感的方式最直接的方法就是使用情感类的词汇,但是语篇中还有许多非情感类的词汇也可以传 递作者/说者或故事中主人公的情感(如表7所示)。表7:续写材料中的情感线索分析事件参与框架表达效果对续写的启示表达主体作者读后续写材料采用的是“作者 -旁观表达”的方式,利用第 三人称,作者充当故事外的“叙 述者”(申丹,2004 )o这样叙 述的一大优势在于能够利用故 事中的人物的眼光来叙事(申 丹,1996),能够更好地展示故 事中人物的经验。续写局部必须继续沿用 第三人称的形式,以在 表达的角度上与前文保 持一致。写作者仍然要 扮演真实作者的角色, 并把故事的后半局部补 充完整。故事 参 与 者主人公Jane其他参与人TomTom是Jane最亲近的人, helicopter是Jane内心存活下 去的精神寄托。续写局部需要揭