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1、Answers to SPSS Student Assistant Test Questions (Marketing Research, 9thEdition by Burns & Veeck)About Your SPSS Student Assistant OuestionsWho is your SPSS Student Assistant?It is a set of narrated videos on the use of IBM SPSS which is integrated in your marketing research textbook.1. How can you
2、 follow the cursor and mouse clicks in your SPSS Student Assistant videos ?The cursor is highlighted with a translucent yellow circle; left click emits a red circle, and right click emits a green circle around the cursor.2. Can you freeze frame a video so it stops and you can study the screen?Yes, y
3、ou can pause the videos.3. What navigation options are at the top of each SPSS Student Assistant window?There is a Menu hyperlink that returns to the SPSS Student Assistant menu, and there is a “Back” button to return to the previous screen. Also, there is a “Next” button that moves to the next scre
4、en in that set.4. What is a formative quiz ?A formative quiz is a self-quiz to see if you are getting a main point of the video while you experience it.Ouick Tour I Review QuestionsHow is data organized in the SPSS data editor?It is arranged by rows and columns. The rows are subjects, observations,
5、or respondents, and the columns are the variables or questions in the survey.1. What menu command contains operations to save a data file, open a data file, and exit SPSS?These are under the File command.2. What menu item would you use for cutting, copying, and pasting in the SPSS data editor?e. Fir
6、st, second, and third choice of pain relieverOrdinal scale, so use Frequenciesf. Satisfaction with customer service on a 7-point scaleInterval scale, so use DescriptivesWorking with SPSS Output Review QuestionsHow is SPSS output arranged in the SPSS Output Viewer?As you do various analyses, the resu
7、lting output is added to the SPSS output window and arranged vertically from the first to the last analysis.1. If the navigation pane is not visible in the SPSS Output Viewer window, how can youmake it appear?Click on the right-hand edge of the output window, and then drag the Navigation Pane window
8、 to the right. It will appear as the border is dragged to the right.2. Indicate two ways that you can navigate around in the SPSS Output Viewer to view your various analyses output tables.The ways are: (1) use the scroll slide bar to move the output up or down in the window, and/or (2) click on the
9、desired output in the navigation pane to make that item appear in the SPSS Output Viewer window.3. How do you place a descriptive heading in your SPSS output?Double click on any item and type in the new heading. Or use the insert command and insert a new title or heading.4. What is handy about the i
10、nsert new text into SPSS output?As you do analyses and see findings, you can insert explanations, comments, and/or interpretations right onto the output file. These can be saved and used for future reference.Establishing Confidence Intervals for Means Review Ouestions1.What is a one-sample t-test al
11、l about?It is a procedure in IBM SPSS that computes confidence intervals for a mean. (It also tests a hypothesis about a mean - described in the following video.)When the test value in a one-sample t-test is set to zero, what type of statistical test will result?By default, a 95% confidence interval
12、 will be computed for the mean.2. If you wanted to determine the 95% confidence intervals for 10 different variables in a dataset all in the same SPSS operation, how would you go about doing this?Use the Compare Means-One-Sample T Test command sequence to open up the One Sample T Test window. Select
13、 all 10 variables and identify them in the Test Variable(s) location. Leave the Test Value at 0 and click on OK.3. What four pieces of statistical information are contained in the SPSS One SampleStatistics output table ?N, Mean, Standard deviation, and Standard error of the meanHow should one interp
14、ret a confidence interval for a mean with SPSS?If we repeated our survey (e.g.) 100 times, and computed the average for the same variable each time, about 95% of these means would fall between the lower bound and the upper bound.Testing a Hypothesis for a Mean Review QuestionsWhat SPSS analysis comm
15、and sequence is used to open up the set up window to test a hypothesis about a mean ?Analyze-Compare Means-One-Sample T TestWhen performing a hypothesis test for a mean, what is the test value ?It is the hypothesized mean.1. What is the Mean Difference in a one-sample t-test?It is the Mean minus the
16、 Test Value.2. When performing a hypothesis test for a mean with SPSS, what is the function of the significance level reported in the output?The significance level is an indication of the support for the hypothesis. If it is very low, say less than .05, the hypothesis is rejected. If larger than .05
17、, the hypothesis is not rejected. (This explanation assumes 95% confidence level, of course.)If you tested a mean hypothesis that was supported by your sample data, what value would necessarily be included in the 95% confidence interval of the difference?The Mean Difference would be included and exa
18、ctly in the middle. With a test value of 0, the actual mean is exactly in the middle of the Lower and Upper levels.Assessing Differences Between Means for 2 Groups (Independent) Review QuestionsWith an Independent Samples T-test, how many groups are involved, and why are the groups considered nindep
19、endent?Two groups are involved, and they are independent“ because they are mutually exclusive or distinctly different groups such as married people versus single people.1. How do you designate the group identities in an Independent Samples T-test?Put the variable name in the Grouping Variable locati
20、on of the Independent Samples T Test window and click on Define Groups. Place the identification code number for group 1 and group 2 in the appropriate boxes, and then click on Continue.2. If you had an SPSS dataset with a variable, USERTYPE, measured as NON USER (=1), LIGHT USER (=2/ and HEAVY USER
21、 (=3), how would you go about comparing the means of each user type to other user types for the variable, HOWMUCH?Use the Independent Samples T Test procedure to identify howmuch as the Test Variable, and identify usertype as the Grouping Variable. Do three separate analysis with groups defined as 1
22、 and 2, 1 and 3, and 2 and 3.3. Indicate how to determine if the variances of two compared means are equal or unequal.On the Independent Samples Test output, identify the column labeled, “Levenes Test fbr Equality of Variances” and look immediately under fbr the Sig.column. This number indicates the
23、 amount of support for the null hypothesis of equal variances. Using 95% level of confidence, if the Sig is less than or equal to .05, the hypothesis of equal variances is not supported. The variances are therefore unequal.4. What statistic on the output table indicates the level of statistical sign
24、ificance that has been found in an Independent Samples T-Test?First, determine if the variances are equal or unequal. This determination identifies which row to use. Then, under the “Sig (2-tailed)“ heading, find the significance level in that row. Using 95% level of confidence, if the Sig level is
25、less than or equal to .05, the hypothesis of equal means is not supported. The means of the two groups are significantly different.Applying ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) Review OuestionsWhat is the purpose of an ANOVA test?Analysis of Variance allows for the simultaneous test of differences between m
26、eans for instances where there are 3 or more groups.1. When you perform a Means procedure in SPSS, what statistics are provided, and can you determine statistical significance?For each group, the mean, sample size, and standard deviation are provided, but no statistical significance tests are provid
27、ed.2. With ANOVA, differentiate a dependent variable from a factor. Indicate the scaling assumptions of each.A dependent variable is an interval or ratio scaled variable, while a factor is a grouping variable, typically a nominal scaled variable. The mean of the dependent variable will be determined
28、 for each level or group of the factor.3. What is a Post Hoc Test, and how many are available with SPSS for Windows?A Post Hoc Test refers to a presentation of the group means to be used after (or post hoc) the ANOVA results indicate the presence of significant difference(s) exist. There are 18 diff
29、erent Post Hoc tests identified in the Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons window.4. How does one interpret the significance level reported in an ANOVA table?The significance level is found under the Sig heading. Using 95% level of confidence, if the Sig value is found to be less than or equal to .05, the
30、 null hypothesis of no difference between at least one pair of group means is not supported.5. Describe how a Duncans test presents significantly different group means.The Duncans Test table arranges the means from lowest to highest and groups them in columns indicating where the means are not signi
31、ficantly differently. Means that are found in different columns identify groups that are significantly different.Assessing Differences Between Means for 2 Questions (Paired) Review Questions/. How many groups are involved in a Paired Samples T-test? Explain.Only one group is involved. There are two
32、variables compared in each test, but the same group is used for each mean. That is, the same respondents must answer both target questions.2. If a dataset had the following variables, and you wanted to compare the means of thepairings listed below, indicate the steps you would take with SPSS for Win
33、dows to accomplish this end.FRIENDLY - SPEEDYACCURATE - CHEAP SPEEDY -ACCURATEUse the Paired Sample T Test procedure, and identify the pairings above. With each move it by clicking the pairs into the Paired Variables area. Click on OK when done to obtain the statistical test results.3. What is found
34、 in the first output table of a paired samples t-test?For each variable involved, the variable label, mean, sample size, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean are all found in this first table.4. Describe how you would determine if the means of two variables in the same dataset are sign
35、ificantly different. Specifically, what output table would you inspect, and how would you determine the significance level ?Examine the Paired Samples Test table and look at the Sig. (2-tailed)“ occupying the last column. Using 95% level of confidence, if the value is less than or equal to .05, ther
36、e is no support for the null hypothesis of no difference between the means of the two variables. That is, the means are significantly different.5. Suppose you had a 7-point rating scale where respondents indicate how important a store 5 attributes are in deciding to be loyal to that store, and a 1-5
37、 rating scale where respondents indicated how well that store performed on each of these attributes. What is the proper use of a Paired Samples Test in this instance?In order to be correct, that means compared with a Paired Samples Test should be of the same scale. So, you could compare the attribut
38、esimportant ratings to one another and the attributes5 performance ratings to one another, but it would not be correct to compare the importance rating to the performance rating for any attribute.Working with Correlations Review QuestionsWhat are the appropriate scaling assumptions of variables anal
39、yzed using Pearson Product Moment correlations ?They must be either interval or ratio scaled - essentially metric.1. Indicate the appearance of a scatter diagram illustrating each of the fallowing correlational relationships:a. strong negative correlationAn ellipse that falls down to the right of an
40、 xy graph.b. weak positive correlationA barely identifiable ellipse the goes up to the right of an xy graph.c. moderate negative correlationAn identifiable ellipse that falls down to the right of an xy graph.d. almost no correlation at allA formless mass of points across the xy graph.2. How many dij
41、ferent types of bivariate correlations are available under the SPSS for Windows bivariate correlation procedure? Name each type. Which one is the default?There are three types: Pearson9s9 Kendalls tau-b, and Spearman. Pearsons is the default.3. Explain what is meant by a correlation matrix and expla
42、in why it is a symmetric matrix.A correlation matrix is the form of the output of SPSS correlations procedure (and many other statistical programs as well). The matrix is set up with each variable as a column and as a row so the diagonal is the correlation of the variable with itself and always a 1.
43、0. The matrix position ij is the identical correlation of the matrix position of j,i.4. What is the null hypothesis in correlation analysis, and how do you determine the degree of support for the null hypothesis ?The null hypothesis is that there is no correlation between the two variables under ana
44、lysis (null hypothesis of zero correlation), and the significance level is identified in the Sig (2-tailed) portion of the Correlations output table. The sig value indicates the degree of support for the null hypothesis. Using a 95 level of confidence, if the sig value is less than or equal to .05,
45、there is no support for the null hypothesis of zero correlation between the two variables.5. If you were inspecting an SPSS correlation matrix, and you found a correlationcoefficient without any asterisks) beside it, what would this signify?It signifies, that the correlation is not significant at a
46、the .05 level or less. If the Flag significant correlations box is checked (the default) in the variables selection window of the correlations procedure, those correlations is significant at the 0.01 level or less (2- tailed) will have two asterisks, while those significant at the .05 level or less
47、will have one asterisk. Note: Students will need to run SPSS correlation and inspect the output, as the textbook annotations cover the footnote to the asterisk in Figure 18.10 and in the SPSS Student Assistant output.Setting Up and Analyzing Cross-Tabulations Review OuestionsWhat are the appropriate
48、 scaling assumptions of crosstabulated variables ?Both are nominal variables.1. What is a crosstabulation, and why is it used?It is a simultaneous presentation of the frequencies of two nominal variables indicating how they occur together or apart. It is used to determine if a statistically signific
49、ant nonmonotonic association exists between the two nominal variables.2. Explain the following:a. Row variableThe variable whose levels or categories constitute the rows in a crosstabulation.h. Column variableThe variable whose levels of categories constitute the columns in a crosstabulation.c. Row percentagesPercentages found in a crosstabulation tables cells such t