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1、Unit5西方文化导论Get Started_ mainGet StartedGet Started1.A General Introduction2.Focus InGet Started_2.1Get StartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryoftheperiodoftheMiddleAgesTogettoknowtheformationanddevelopmentofGermancultureandByzantinecultureTobefamiliarwithMedievalsocialideologyandliteraryandartisticachiev
2、ementsTounderstandthesignificanceandspecialfeaturesofMedievalcultureandpoliticsText Study_mainText StudyText StudyI.The Setting of the Middle AgesII.The Formation and Development of German CultureIII.Byzantine CultureIV.Medieval Social IdeologyV.Literature and ArtVI.The Significance and Special Feat
3、ures of Medieval Culture and PoliticsText Study_I_1.1Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasThe Middle Ages:aperiodinEuropeanhistoryfromthecollapseoftheRomanCivilizationinthe5thcenturyADtotheperiodoftheRenaissanceinthe14thcenturyText Study_I_1.2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasFormation stages:AttheendoftheRoma
4、nEmpire,somebarbaroustribesincludingCelts,GermansandSlavswereformed.Attheendofthe1stcenturyAD,theGermanswerestillinaprimitivesociety.Fromtheendofthe1stcenturytothe3rdcentury,Germansintroducedclassdivision,anduntiedtheirtribesintoalliancesandoftenharassedandstagedattacksontheRomanborders.Latertheymov
5、edintoRomanterritorytilltheendofthe6thcentury.AnumberofsmallkingdomswereestablishedinRomanterritories.Text Study_I_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasWiththeoverthrowoftheWesternRomanEmpire,aseriesofkingdomsweresetup.Amongthesekingdoms,thelargestwastheonefoundedin481ADbyCloviswhoconqueredGaulandinitia
6、tedacooperativelylargenationcalledtheMerovingianDynasty.GraduallyitbecamethemostpowerfulGermankingdom.In752,TheMerovingianDynastywastoppledandtheCarolingianDynastyfounded.In800,LeoIIIendowedthecrownwiththetitleofHolyRomanEmperortoCharlemagne,andtheFrankKingdombecametheCharlemagneEmpire.Text Study_I_
7、1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasDuring the reign of Charlemagne the Great,the conflictbetweenthefeudalistplantationownersandserfsdeepened.Andsocialdisintegrationoccurredaftertheexpansionoftheempire,especiallyafterthedeathofCharlemagne.AcivilwartookplaceamongthreegrandsonsofCharlemagnefrom817to843.T
8、heyconcludedthecivilwarbysigningtheTreatyofVerdunanddividedtheempireintothreeparts:theEasternFrank Kingdom(later developed into Germany),the WestFrank Kingdom(later developed into France),and MiddleKingdom(latermadeupofItaly).TheborderlineofthethreemodernEuropeancountrieswerebeginningtotakeshape.Tex
9、t Study_I_2.1Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsRoman Catholic Church 罗马天主罗马天主教教:thepartoftheChristianChurchwhichacceptstheauthorityofPope,indistinctiontotheOrthodoxEasternChurchseparatedfromitin1054andtotheProtestantChurchwhichbrokeawayinthe16thcenturyText Stu
10、dy_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsserfdom 奴隶制奴隶制:asocialsystemofproductioninwhichlabourersareboundtoworkforanestate,ratherthanbeingownedbythelordofthatestateandcouldchoosetoworkelsewherethoughfewwoulddosoinrealityText Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretatio
11、n of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsTacitus,Publius Cornelius(55120AD)塔西佗塔西佗:ARomanhistorian.HisworksincludeDialogue on Orator,Germania andtwofragmentsoflongerworks:Historiesand Annals.Hisstyleisextremelyterseandpolished,whichearnedhimmuchreputationinthelatergenerations.Text Study_I_2
12、.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsCelt 凯尔特人凯尔特人:OneoftheancientpeoplesinEurope,originatedinthesouthwestofGermanyandthenspreadtothenorthofSpainandtheBritishisles.LaterontheywereconqueredandabsorbedbyRomansandbarbarians.Someofitsdescendentsandculturewerestillf
13、oundinBritain,Ireland,SpainandFrance.Text Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsAttila 阿提拉阿提拉:kingofHuns,famousforhisbraveryandmilitancy,whichallowedhimtooverrunmuchoftheByzantineandWesternRomanempiresandwonmanyvictoriesuntilhediedofillnessbeforehisempi
14、recollapsedText Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsGaul 高尔人高尔人:TheRomanprovinceofGallia,dividedintotworegions:CisalpineGaulinNorthernItalyandTransalpineGaul.TheareanowcomprisingFrance,Switzerland,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.TheformerwasconqueredbytheRom
15、ansin222whilethelatterwasravagedbyVisigothsbeforeitwasfinallyconqueredbyClovisandmergedintotheFrankishkingdom.Text Study_I_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsmayor of the palace 宫相宫相:thechiefministeroftheFrankishkings,whoseizedmoreandmorepowerfromthekingsdur
16、ingthelateryearsoftheMerovingianKingdomuntiltheeventualusurpationofthethroneandtheestablishmentoftheCarolingianDynastyText Study _I_3.1Text StudyComprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.(1)AfterthelastRomanemperorwasoverthrownbytheGermanmercenarytroops,theEuropeancivilizationmovedinto_.A.themoderneraB
17、.theMiddleAgesC.thenewperiodD.theRenaissanceComprehension ExercisesA.FrenchB.ItaliansC.SlavsD.TartarsText Study _I_3.2Text StudyComprehension Exercises(2)ThebarbaroustribesincludedCelts,Germansand_.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A.theelderleaderB.themilitarychiefC.thewisemanD.thenoblemanText
18、 Study _I_3.3Text StudyComprehension Exercises(3)Thenortherntribesweremostlyruledby_.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A.seizingterritoriesB.stagingwarsC.collectingtreasuresD.inter-marriageText Study _I_3.4Text StudyComprehension Exercises(4)TheCarolingianDynastywasexpandedby_.Comprehension Exe
19、rcisesMultiple choice.A.ministersB.generalsC.generalassemblyD.deputiesText Study _I_3.5Text StudyComprehension Exercises(5)Charlemagneofferedhisreignthroughthecourtwhichworkedfortheemperorintheguiseofthepeopleassymbolizedby_.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.Text Study _I_4.1Text StudyThink and
20、 DiscussWhichpartoftheEuropeanhistoryiscalledtheMiddleAges?Andtellbrieflyabouttheformationoftheperiod.PleaseseeMainIdeasofPartI:TheSettingoftheMiddleAges.Think and DiscussText Study_I_pop1Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_I_pop2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_I_pop3Text StudyMain Ide
21、asMain IdeasText Study_I_pop4Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study _2_1.1Text StudyMain IdeasTheCarolingianCultureTheCarolingianculture,developedundertheinfluenceoftheChristianChurch,wasmorebackwardthanitscontemporaryculturesofByzantium,Arabia,IndiaandChina.Apartfromtheless-developed economy and
22、culture of the Germans,years ofwars,politicalandsocialinstabilityalsocontributedtotheculturalinferiority.Onlypriestsandmonksreceivededucation.AndthelanguageusedinteachingwasLatinandthesevensubjects.Ancientmanuscriptsweregatheredandcopied,whichhavebeenkepttillthisday.Inarts,thebuildingofpalacesalsoen
23、couragedthedevelopmentofpaintingandcarvingandotherartforms.Inall,Main IdeasText Study _2_1.2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasCarolingianliterature,educationandcultureingeneraladvancedthroughborrowingfromlateRomanandcontemporaryByzantinemodelsandtechniques.TheMythsofScandinaviansandGermansTheancientGerm
24、anandNorsepeopleshadmadeasystematicrecordoftheirdivinitiesandreligious beliefs.The basis of their northernreligioncamefromabookcalledEdda,whichwas divided into Elder Edda and Younger Edda.Eddatellsastoryoftheformationoftheworldandlegendsofgodsandspirits.ModernEnglish names of the weekdays are mostly
25、derivedfromthenamesofnortherngods.Text Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasName of GodCharacterOdinThe most importantgod among northern gods.He was not perfect,but he is devoted to thehappinessofman.FreyjaOdins wife who is fierce and inflexible by
26、natureinthemannerofHeraandherdutyistoprotectmarriageandfamiliesFlaireagoddessofloveandbeautyThorOdinsson,theThunderGodText Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasName of GodCharacterFrayThorsbrother,agodoffertility,inchargeofsunandrainTyrFraysson,theGodofWarBalderThemostrespectablegod,whosregarde
27、dverypowerfulinthatnodeadlyweaponsorspearscanhurthim.Yetheisvulnerabletomistletoe,withwhich he was attacked and killed by the FireGod.Text Study _2_1.3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasTheCharlemagneLegendsOnepartofthelegendisabouthowCharlemagnesupportedtheactivitiesoftheChristianChurch,helpingPopeLeoII
28、ItodefeattheRomanaristocratsandrecoverthepapalsovereignty.AnotherpartisabouthowCharlemagnedefeatedonebranchofGerman-Saxonsaftertheirattack,thusconsolidatinghisruleandexpandinghisborders.Text Study _2_2.1Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsAachen 亚琛亚琛:Itwashistor
29、icallyaspatown,andafavouredresidenceofCharlemagne,andtheplaceofcoronationoftheKingsofGermany.Geographically,AachenisthewesternmosttownofGermany,locatedalongitsborderswithBelgiumandtheNetherlands.AachenCathedralwaserectedontheordersof Charlemagnein786AD andwasoncompletionthelargestcathedralnorthofthe
30、Alps.OnhisdeathCharlemagnesremainswereinterredinthecathedralandcanbeseentheretothisday.Thecathedralwasextendedseveraltimesinlaterages,whichturneditintoacuriousanduniquemixtureofbuildingstyles.Text Study _2_2.2Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsRoland 罗罗 兰兰:It w
31、as a popularlegendary figure in medieval Europe.Overthenextseveralcenturies,Rolandbecame a“pop icon”in medievalminstrel culture.According to manylegends,hewasanephewofCharlemagne(whetherornotthiswastrue is unknown),and turned his lifeintoanepictaleofthenobleChristiankilled by Islamic forces,which fo
32、rmspartofthemedievalMatterofFrance.(1)CarolingianculturewasfeaturedwithChristianitybecauseofthelattersstronginfluenceonthebarbaroustribes.(2)EddaisacollectionofGermanicmythswhichprovidestheprototypesforlatertalesofEuropeannations.(3)AlltheEnglishnamesoftheweekdaysderivefromtheNortherngods.(4)Thelege
33、ndsinCharlemagneslifeanddeedswerefrequentlyreferencedbymanypoetsoftheRenaissanceandlaterperiods.(5)IntheGermanandNorsemythology,thegodsarenotperfect.TheyrepresentdifferentforcesoftheGod,strugglingagainsttheprimevalgiants.Text Study _2_3.1Text StudyComprehension ExercisesTrue or false questions.Compr
34、ehension ExercisesF_F_T_T _T_Text Study _2_4.1Text StudyThink and Discuss(1)TellbrieflythemeasuresCharlemagnetheGreattooktoimprovetheculturalconditionsofhisempireandtheresultsofthesemeasures.ThemeasuresCharlemagnetookincludedcareforeducationandacademicstudiesbyaskingthechurchtorunschoolsandinvitingf
35、amousscholarstolectureattheroyalcourt,thecollectionandrecoveringofclassicalbooksbycopyingbooksborrowedfromelsewhere,thereestablishmentofculturalcustomsandethicalnorms,andfoundingofmagnificentbuildingsbypullingdowntheoldbuildingsinRomeandotherhistoricalcitiesandtransportingtheirmaterialstotheemperors
36、capital.Think and DiscussText Study _2_4.2Text StudyThink and DiscussThereforeliteracywasgreatlyimprovedandenhancedamongtheaverage,especiallyamongtheyoungerpeople,whowouldbechosentoservetheempire.Moreandmoreattentionwaspaidtoculturalaffairsandmoralvalueswiththeobvioussignsofsocialprogressandcultural
37、prosperity.ThecitiesbecamebeautifulwiththeincreasingnumbersofgrandbuildingsputupofRomantype.Inaway,culturalrevivaloftheempirewasbasicallylaunchedandmodeledonRomanorclassicalpatternandthusensuredcontinuityandconsistenceofWesterncultureandcivilizationinspiteofthechangeofpoliticalregimes.Think and Disc
38、ussText Study_2_1.1_pop1Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study_2_1.1_pop3Text StudyMain IdeasM
39、ain IdeasText Study_3_1Main IdeasText Study(1)CulturalAchievementsByzantinecultureachievedremarkableprogressbycombiningtheculturalessenceofGreeceandRomewiththeEasterncultureinitsuniqueway.The foremost cultural accomplishment of the Eastern ChurchwasthefoundingoftheUniversityofConstantinoplewhosehead
40、,Leo,andhissuccessorsturneditintoasuccessfulinstituteoflearninginliteraryandreligioussubjects.Main IdeasText Study_3_2Main IdeasText Study Literature:Epic of Digenes Akritas Philosophy:ThefoundingofNeo-Platonism,whichwasasyntheticresultofcombiningStoicism,Pythagoreanism,PlatonicandAristotelianphilos
41、ophywithEasternmysticism.ItfocusedonthepowerofspiritandassertedmancouldjoinGodinHisactions.ItisaresultoflinkingGreekphilosophyandtheEasternmysticism.TheprincipalbooksofthisperiodincludedTours among the Oriental Countries,The History of the Justinian War,andThe Secret History.Main IdeasText Study_3_3
42、Main IdeasText Study Architecture:characteristicofboththeclassicalagesandtheEasterncountries.TheSophiaCathedralinConstantinoplewasarepresentationoftheByzantinearchitecturalandartisticstyle.Main IdeasText Study_3_DVD_Sophia CathedralMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study_3_1DVD_Byzantine sculptureM
43、ain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText Study_3_4Main IdeasText Study(2)ChristianCultureAdministration:LegalcodesandadministrationpolicieswerefurtherimprovedandmademorepreciseintheByzantineEmpire.Itcouldbeseeninthemanagementofecclesiasticalaffairs,wheretheEmperorJustiniangaveorderstocontrolthesizeofchurch
44、esandmonasteries.Inthe7thcentury,ByzantineEmpirebecameareligiouscommunityunderecclesiasticalleadership.Andthisperiodprovidedsteadyurbandevelopmentandculturalprosperity.Main IdeasText Study_3_5Main IdeasText Study Music:Hymns writtenbySt.RomanosMelodosmarkedthestrikingmusicaldevelopmentoftheliturgydu
45、ringJustiniansreign.Main IdeasText Study_3_6Main IdeasText Study Literature:BiographybecamemarkedlyChristianandmarkedlypopular.Following thepatternusedinthe4thcenturybyAthanasiusinwritingthelifeofSt.Anthony,hagiographersrecordedthedeedsoftheseextraordinaryholymen,creatinginthesaintslifetimeaformofli
46、teraturethatwenttoflowerinthe6thand7thcenturies.Spirit:Theincreasingvenerationaccorded withtheicon,anabstractandsimplifiedimageofChrist,theVirgin,oroneofthesaints.Iconsappearedinbothprivateandpublicuseduringthelasthalfofthe6thcentury.Theyprovidedachannelofdivinityfortheindividualsandwerecarriedastal
47、ismanstoguaranteesuccessesinbattle.Main IdeasText Study_3_7Main IdeasText Study Theology:AmovementknownasHesychasmsprungup,butwasconsistentlyundercontroversy.Intellect:RediscoveryofancientGreeklearning.ThescholarMaximusPlanudescompiledafamousanthologyandtranslatedanumberofLatinworksintoGreek.Otherfa
48、mousintellectualsareDemetriusCydones,NicephorusGregoras,etc.History:TherewasaglorioustraditionofByzantinehistoriography,whichwasmaintainedbyanumberoffigureslikeGeorgeAcropolites,GeorgePachymeres,Gregoras,andEmperorJohnVICantacuzenus.Main Ideasyour closet to pray”,hesychasm in tradition has been thep
49、rocessofretiringinwardbyceasingtoregisterthesenses,inorder to achieve an experiential knowledge of God.ItsspokesmanwasGregoryPalamas,amonkfromAthos.Text Study _3_2.1Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyHesychasm 静修：静修：Itisaneremitic(隐士的)traditionofprayerintheEasternOrthodoxChurch,andsomeoftheEa
50、sternCatholicChurches,suchastheByzantineRitebytheHesychast.BasedonChristsinjunctioninthe Gospel of Matthewto“gointoInterpretation of Cultural Terms(1)Byzantinecultureachievedremarkableprogressbycombiningtheculturalessenceofandwiththeculture.(2)isaphilosophylinkingGreekphilosophyandtheEasternmysticis