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1、Get StartedGet Started1. A General Introduction2. Focus InGet StartedGet Started After the last Roman emperor was dethroned by the German mercenary troops in the 5th century, Europe entered the Middle Ages, which lasted about 1000 years or so and was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans had
2、called “the savage”. Consequently, the intellectual development of the European civilization was retarded or even regressed to some extent because of these so-called Dark Ages. It was also a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic Church. This period was characterize
3、d by frequent economic and political crises and greatly affected by deep-seated social contradictions and conflicts, which were first demonstrated in the distress and disasters of the ordinary people and then in the frequently occurring revolts and clashes arising from the cruelty of tyrannical rule
4、rs and their unrestrained demands for more power and territory. Get Started However, the intellectual decline and retarded social development of the Middle Ages also brought forward some notable personal ties, events and achievements in cultural and social affairs. They made up for a long and tortuo
5、us interval before the dawn of the modern age, which was marked by the arrival of the Renaissance in the 14th -15th centuries.Get Started To get a brief view of the history of the period of the Middle Ages To get to know the formation and development of German culture and Byzantine culture To be fam
6、iliar with Medieval social ideology and literary and artistic achievements To understand the significance and special features of Medieval culture and politicsText StudyText StudyI. The Setting of the Middle AgesII. The Formation and Development of German CultureIII. Byzantine CultureIV. Medieval So
7、cial IdeologyV. Literature and ArtVI. The Significance and Special Features of Medieval Culture and PoliticsText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasThe Middle Ages: a period in European history from the collapse of the Roman Civilization in the 5th century AD to the period of the Renaissance in the 14th centu
8、ry Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasFormation stages: At the end of the Roman Empire, some barbarous tribes including Celts, Germans and Slavs were formed. At the end of the 1st century AD, the Germans were still in a primitive society. From the end of the 1st century to the 3rd century, Germans introd
9、uced class division, and untied their tribes into alliances and often harassed and staged attacks on the Roman borders. Later they moved into Roman territory till the end of the 6th century. A number of small kingdoms were established in Roman territories. Text StudyMain IdeasMain Ideas With the ove
10、rthrow of the Western Roman Empire, a series of kingdoms were set up. Among these kingdoms, the largest was the one founded in 481 AD by Clovis who conquered Gaul and initiated a cooperatively large nation called the Merovingian Dynasty. Gradually it became the most powerful German kingdom. In 752,
11、The Merovingian Dynasty was toppled and the Carolingian Dynasty founded. In 800, Leo III endowed the crown with the title of Holy Roman Emperor to Charlemagne, and the Frank Kingdom became the Charlemagne Empire.Text StudyMain IdeasMain Ideas During the reign of Charlemagne the Great, the conflict b
12、etween the feudalist plantation owners and serfs deepened. And social disintegration occurred after the expansion of the empire, especially after the death of Charlemagne. A civil war took place among three grandsons of Charlemagne from 817 to 843. They concluded the civil war by signing the Treaty
13、of Verdun and divided the empire into three parts: the Eastern Frank Kingdom (later developed into Germany), the West Frank Kingdom (later developed into France), and Middle Kingdom (later made up of Italy). The borderline of the three modern European countries were beginning to take shape. Text Stu
14、dyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsRoman Catholic Church 罗马天主罗马天主教教: the part of the Christian Church which accepts the authority of Pope, in distinction to the Orthodox Eastern Church separated from it in 1054 and to the Protestant Church which broke away in the 16th
15、century Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsserfdom 奴隶制奴隶制: a social system of production in which labourers are bound to work for an estate, rather than being owned by the lord of that estate and could choose to work elsewhere though few would do so in realityT
16、ext StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsTacitus, Publius Cornelius (55120AD) 塔西佗塔西佗: A Roman historian. His works include Dialogue on Orator, Germania and two fragments of longer works: Histories and Annals. His style is extremely terse and polished, which earned him
17、 much reputation in the later generations. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsCelt 凯尔特人凯尔特人: One of the ancient peoples in Europe, originated in the southwest of Germany and then spread to the north of Spain and the British isles. Later on they were conquered a
18、nd absorbed by Romans and barbarians. Some of its descendents and culture were still found in Britain, Ireland, Spain and France. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsAttila 阿提拉阿提拉: king of Huns, famous for his bravery and militancy, which allowed him to overrun
19、much of the Byzantine and Western Roman empires and won many victories until he died of illness before his empire collapsedText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsGaul 高尔人高尔人: The Roman province of Gallia, divided into two regions: Cisalpine Gaul in Northern Italy a
20、nd Transalpine Gaul. The area now comprising France, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands. The former was conquered by the Romans in 222 while the latter was ravaged by Visigoths before it was finally conquered by Clovis and merged into the Frankish kingdom. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural
21、TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsmayor of the palace 宫相宫相: the chief minister of the Frankish kings, who seized more and more power from the kings during the later years of the Merovingian Kingdom until the eventual usurpation of the throne and the establishment of the Carolingian Dynasty Text S
22、tudyComprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.(1) After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _. A. the modern eraB. the Middle Ages C. the new period D. the RenaissanceComprehension ExercisesA. French B. Italians C. Slavs D. TartarsT
23、ext StudyComprehension Exercises(2) The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. the elder leaderB. the military chief C. the wise manD. the noblemanText StudyComprehension Exercises(3) The northern tribes were mostly ruled by_.Comprehension ExercisesM
24、ultiple choice.A. seizing territories B. staging wars C. collecting treasures D. inter-marriageText StudyComprehension Exercises(4) The Carolingian Dynasty was expanded by_.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. ministers B. generals C. general assemblyD. deputiesText StudyComprehension Exercises
25、(5) Charlemagne offered his reign through the court which worked for the emperor in the guise of the people as symbolized by _.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.Text StudyThink and DiscussWhich part of the European history is called the Middle Ages? And tell briefly about the formation of the p
26、eriod.Please see Main Ideas of Part I: The Setting of the Middle Ages.Think and DiscussText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain Ideas The Carolingian Culture The Carolingian culture, developed under the inf
27、luence of the Christian Church, was more backward than its contemporary cultures of Byzantium, Arabia, India and China. Apart from the less-developed economy and culture of the Germans, years of wars, political and social instability also contributed to the cultural inferiority. Only priests and mon
28、ks received education. And the language used in teaching was Latin and the seven subjects. Ancient manuscripts were gathered and copied, which have been kept till this day. In arts, the building of palaces also encouraged the development of painting and carving and other art forms. In all, Main Idea
29、sText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasCarolingian literature, education and culture in general advanced through borrowing from late Roman and contemporary Byzantine models and techniques. The Myths of Scandinavians and Germans The ancient German and Norse peoples had made a systematic record of their divin
30、ities and religious beliefs. The basis of their northern religion came from a book called Edda, which was divided into Elder Edda and Younger Edda. Edda tells a story of the formation of the world and legends of gods and spirits. Modern English names of the weekdays are mostly derived from the names
31、 of northern gods. Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasName of GodCharacterOdinThe most important god among northern gods. He was not perfect, but he is devoted to the happiness of man. FreyjaOdins wife who is fierce and inflexible by nature in the manner of Hera and her duty
32、 is to protect marriage and families Flairea goddess of love and beautyThorOdins son, the Thunder GodText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasName of GodCharacterFrayThors brother, a god of fertility, in charge of sun and rainTyrFrays son, the God of War BalderThe most respectable god, whos regarded very power
33、ful in that no deadly weapons or spears can hurt him. Yet he is vulnerable to mistletoe, with which he was attacked and killed by the Fire God.Text StudyMain IdeasMain Ideas The Charlemagne Legends One part of the legend is about how Charlemagne supported the activities of the Christian Church, help
34、ing Pope Leo III to defeat the Roman aristocrats and recover the papal sovereignty. Another part is about how Charlemagne defeated one branch of German-Saxons after their attack, thus consolidating his rule and expanding his borders.Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultura
35、l TermsAachen 亚琛亚琛: It was historically a spa town, and a favoured residence of Charlemagne, and the place of coronation of the Kings of Germany. Geographically, Aachen is the westernmost town of Germany, located along its borders with Belgium and the Netherlands. Aachen Cathedral was erected on the
36、 orders of Charlemagne in 786 AD and was on completion the largest cathedral north of the Alps. On his death Charlemagnes remains were interred in the cathedral and can be seen there to this day. The cathedral was extended several times in later ages, which turned it into a curious and unique mixtur
37、e of building styles. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsRoland 罗兰罗兰: It was a popular legendary figure in medieval Europe. Over the next several centuries, Roland became a “pop icon” in medieval minstrel culture. According to many legends, he was a nephew of C
38、harlemagne (whether or not this was true is unknown), and turned his life into an epic tale of the noble Christian killed by Islamic forces, which forms part of the medieval Matter of France. (1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latters strong influence on the barbar
39、ous tribes.(2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations.(3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. (4) The legends in Charlemagnes life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance
40、and later periods.(5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants. Text StudyComprehension ExercisesTrue or false questions.Comprehension ExercisesF_F_T_T _T_Text StudyThink and Discuss(1) Tell briefl
41、y the measures Charlemagne the Great took to improve the cultural conditions of his empire and the results of these measures. The measures Charlemagne took included care for education and academic studies by asking the church to run schools and inviting famous scholars to lecture at the royal court,
42、 the collection and recovering of classical books by copying books borrowed from elsewhere, the reestablishment of cultural customs and ethical norms, and founding of magnificent buildings by pulling down the old buildings in Rome and other historical cities and transporting their materials to the e
43、mperors capital.Think and DiscussText StudyThink and Discuss Therefore literacy was greatly improved and enhanced among the average, especially among the younger people, who would be chosen to serve the empire. More and more attention was paid to cultural affairs and moral values with the obvious si
44、gns of social progress and cultural prosperity. The cities became beautiful with the increasing numbers of grand buildings put up of Roman type. In a way, cultural revival of the empire was basically launched and modeled on Roman or classical pattern and thus ensured continuity and consistence of We
45、stern culture and civilization in spite of the change of political regimes.Think and DiscussText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study(1) Cult
46、ural Achievements Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture in its unique way. The foremost cultural accomplishment of the Eastern Church was the founding of the University of Constantinople whose head, Leo, and his s
47、uccessors turned it into a successful institute of learning in literary and religious subjects. Main IdeasMain IdeasText Study Literature: Epic of Digenes Akritas Philosophy: The founding of Neo-Platonism, which was a synthetic result of combining Stoicism, Pythagoreanism, Platonic and Aristotelian
48、philosophy with Eastern mysticism. It focused on the power of spirit and assertedman could join God in His actions. It is a result of linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism. The principal books of this period included Tours among the Oriental Countries, The History of the Justinian War,
49、and The Secret History. Main IdeasMain IdeasText Study Architecture: characteristic of both the classical ages and the Eastern countries. The Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople was a representation of the Byzantine architectural and artistic style. Main IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasT
50、ext StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Study(2) Christian Culture Administration: Legal codes and administration policies were further improved and made more precise in the Byzantine Empire. It could be seen in the management of ecclesiastical affairs, where the Emperor Justinian gave orders to control t