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1、高考英语代词语法知识人称代词一、人称代词的用法 人称代词作主语,用主格。如:We love our country.我们热爱我们的祖国。2. 人称代词作宾语,用宾格。如:Winnie is a nice girl.We all like her.温妮是个好姑娘。我们都喜欢她。 人称代词在口语中,用宾格。如:If I were her,I would stay.要是我是她,我就留下来。二、人称代词的宾格代替主格的几种场合 在日常生活中,人称代词作表语时,常用代词的宾格。如:A:Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门呀?B:Its me.是我。 口语中,当人称代词孤立地用
2、于不带谓语的句子中作主语时,常用代词的宾格。如:A:I dont want to go to the theater tonight.今晚我不想去剧院。B:Me neither.我也不想去。A:I would like to stay here for another week.我想在这里再呆一周。B:Me too.我也是。waynesunbj 在带as和than的比较级后面,许多场合下用代词的宾格。如:She knows me as well as him.她像了解他一样了解我。He is taller than me.他比我高。 口语中,当人称代词用于带有强烈感情色彩的句子中作主语且其后不
3、带宾语时,多用代词的宾格。如:A:You ought to do it at once.你应该马上做。B:What?Me!什么?我!三、多个人称代词并列时的顺序在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,其排列的顺序主要有如下几种情况: 单数的场合:you+he/she +I如:You,he and I will go shopping tomorrow.你,他和我明天将去购物。 复数的场合:we +you +they如:We,you and they are all Chinese.我们,你们和他们都是中国人。 男女两性并列场合:he+she如:He and she dont agree with me.
4、他和她不同意我的看法。 承认错误或承担责任时:I +he/she+you如:I and he are to blame for the accident.我和他应为这次事故承担责任。 You and I是固定结构,即使是在承认过失时,词序也不变。如:You and I are to blame.我和你应为此负责。四、he和she的特殊用法(考纲之外拓展部分)he 可指代雄性动物或庞大而又威猛之物。she可指代雌性动物或柔弱,优美之物,也可代表拟人化说法中的国家,月亮,汽车,轮船等无生命的东西,以表达其喜爱或亲切之情。如:The fierce tiger carme at the monkey,
5、but he missed heitiger,her 指monkey)凶猛的老虎向猴子扑来,可没扑到。China will always do what she has promised to do.中国将始终履行自己的诺言。The moon loses her brilliance when the sun makes his appearance.太阳一出来,月亮就失去了她的光辉。She was Titanic,a ship which was said never to sink.她就是泰坦尼克号,据说是一艘永不沉没的船。waynesunbj五、报刊的编辑和文章的作者,在发表观点时,常用
6、we代替I(同样地,用our代替my)如:We believe that China will still make greater progress.我们相信中国将会有更大的发展。In our opinion this is the best film of the year.我们认为这是今年最好的一部电影。六、we,you,they有时超出人称的区别,都可以泛指一般人,指“人们”,单数用he如:We never know the worth of the well till it is dry.失去了才知道可贵。You cant live without air and water离开空气
7、和水,人就无法生存。They say theirs going to be another good harvest this year.人们说今年又将是个丰收年。He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后谁笑的最好。七、it的用法 指刚提到过的事物,以避免重复。如:A:When did the letter come?这封信什么时候送来的?B:It delivered this morning.今天早上送来的。 指未知性别的婴儿或孩子。如:What a beautiful baby,is it a boy?多漂亮的宝宝呀,是男孩吗? 指不明身份的人。如:A:Wh
8、o is it knocking at the door?谁在敲门?B:It might be the postman.可能是邮递员。 指时间或季节。如:It is ten oclock.现在是十点钟。It is late autumn.现在已是深秋了。 指天气,环境。如:Its raining hard outside.外面雨下得正大。It is noisy in here.这里很嘈杂。 指距离。如:It is half an hours walk to the city centre.走到市中心只需半小时。 用于形式主语或形式宾语。简单句:It is hard to learn Engli
9、sh well.(it做形式主语,真正主语是learn English)I find it hard to learn English well.(hard为宾语补足语,语义上的补充)(it做形式宾语,真正宾语是learn English)复合句:I find(that)it is hard to learn English well宾语从句)(主句是I find,系表为it is引导的从句)waynesunbj 用于强调结构中,不作任何成分注意:在强调结构中,不能强调谓语部分。It is/was.that/who.如:The students are learning grammar in
10、the classroom now.It is the students who are learning grammar in the classroom now.It is grammar that the students are learning in the classroom now.It is in the classroom that the students are learning grammar now.It is now that the students are learning grammar in the classroom. 用来代替上文提到过的句子。this上
11、文发生过的,下文要说的事。(通常)that 只能指代上文说过的一个名词。it通常指代上文的一句话。如:You saved my life,I never forget it.He bought me a shirt.I like it.He bought me a shirt.I like that. It常用的固定句型: It takes sb.to do某人用多长时间做某事如:It took the man a week to mend our roof.这些人花了一周时间修好我们的屋顶。 Its(about/high)time that should.是该做某事的时侯了如:Its (ab
12、out/high)time that we should take action.该是采取行动的时候了。 Its the+序数词+time(that).have + v-ed 第几次做某事了如:It is the third time that he has failed the driving test.这是他第三次没能通过驾驶考试。 Its.since.从.已(多长时间了)如:It is five years since he stopped smoking.他戒烟五年了。 It was not.before.;It wont be long before.用不了多长时间某动作发生了;过不
13、了多久某动作将要发生如:It was not long before they arrived. It wont be long before he returns from abroad.没过多久他们就到了。不久以后他们就要回国。物主代词一、形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,放在名词前作定语如:Its not my computer.那不是我的电脑。She turned away her eyes.她把目光移开。Is this your coat?这是你的大衣吗? 形容词性物主代词后可加own表示强调,意为“自己的,完全属于自己的”。如:Monica has her own computer.莫
14、妮卡有自己的电脑。I wont believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes.除非我亲眼看见,否则我不会相信任何事情。 形容词性物主代词常用来构成固定短语,此时代词不可缺少。try ones luck碰运气in ones opinion依某人的观点二、名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上前面所提到的名词,其功能如下: 作主语:This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.这不是我的字典,我的借给露西了。 作宾语:Every person show
15、ed his ticket and I showed mine.每个人都出示了票,我也出示了我的。 作表语:This camera is mine and that is you.这架照相机是我的,那是你的。 与of连用构成双重所有格作定语:I am a great admirer of yours.我是你的一位崇拜者。waynesunbj 反身代词反身代词表示动作对象是发出者本身。一、反身代词的用法 作宾语反身代词作宾语表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者自己。如:I hope you will enjoy yourselves on the trip.我希望你们旅途玩得愉快。The littl
16、e boy can dress himself now.那个小男孩现在能自己穿衣服了。 作表语在be和其他系动词如feel,look,seem之后,反身代词可以用来描述感觉,情绪和状态。如:I am not feeling myself today.今天我感觉有点不舒服。The poor girl in the picture is myself.照片上这个可怜的小女孩就是我。 作同位语反身代词在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强其语气,常位于名词或代词后,作主语的同位语时也可位于句尾。如:I want to see Bob himself.我想见鲍勃本人。Mary worked out th
17、e problem herself.玛丽自己做出了这道题。二、常用的反身代词短语devote oneself to致力于enjoy oneself 玩得高兴dress oneself 自己穿衣come to oneself恢复知觉help oneself to随便吃,随便用hide oneself把自己藏起来teach oneself 自学lose oneself 迷路by oneself 亲自(独自地)talk to oneself 自言自语excuse oneself 自我辩解be not oneself身体不舒服for oneself 替自己,为自己in oneself本身between
18、 ourselves 私下说的话(不可告诉别人)among themselves他们之间to oneself供自己使用三、有时,用形容词将反身代词分开如:I am still my old self我还是原来的我。Ill put my humble self at your service.鄙人愿意听候您的吩咐。指示代词一、this,that,these,those的用法 表示近指和远指this,these往往指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,those可指时间或空间较远的人或物。如:This gift is for you and that one is for your brother.
19、这件礼物是你的,那件是你弟弟的。I love these books but I dislike those ones.我喜欢这些书,但不喜欢那些。注意:英国人打电话时,this指自己,that指对方。如:Hello,this is Allan.Who is that speaking?喂,你好!我是艾伦,你是哪位? 指刚提到过的或将要提到的事指刚提到过的事情或已经完成的事情用that。如:Little George broke the vase,but he didnt admit it and that was very annoying.小乔治打碎了花瓶,自己还不承认,真是太气人了。指即
20、将要发生或将要提到的事情用this.如:I want to know this was Miss Tones here the whole moming?我想知道的是,琼斯小姐整个上午都在这里吗? that,those常常用来代替上文提到过的名词,以避免重复。 that 指代不可数名词或可数名词的单数。如:Life today is much better than that in the old days.指现在的生活比过去好多了。 those 指代可数名词复数。如:The days in summer are longer than those in winter.夏天的白天比冬天的白天长
21、。 this,that还可用作副词,意为“这么”“那么”。修饰形容词或副词,其用法与so类似。如:She has never been this late for school before.她以前上学从没有这么晚过。She is too young to walk that far.她太小,走不了那么远。 与表示时间的名词搭配。this 与有些名词连用表示“目前的具体时间”this morning 今天早晨this aftermoon今天下午this evening今天晚上this week 本周this month这个月this spring今年春天that 与某些名词连用表示“过去的具体
22、时间”that morming 那天早上that afternoon 那天下午that evening 那天晚上that week 那周that month 那个月that spring那年春天these 与某些名词连用表示“与目前相关的一段时间”these days如今,目前,这些天these years 这些年these months 这些月those与某些名词连用表示“与过去相关的一段时间”。those days 那些日子those years 那些年those months那些月二、指示代词在句中所作得成分 主语:如:This is what I want to emphasize.这
23、就是我想强调的。 宾语:如:Better take those with you.最好把那些带着。 表语:如:My idea is this.我的想法是这样的。 定语:如:What shall I do with these flower这些花怎么办?不定代词不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。不定代词表示某种程度和各种类型的不确定意义,它们在逻辑意义上是数量词,具有整体或局部意义。一、简单不定代词1. one的用法one 指代可数名词,既可指人,也可指物。可单独使用,也可放在单数可数名词前作定语。oneones(复数)ones(名词所有格)oneself(反身代词)反义疑问句:o
24、ne 正式语体;you 口语 单独使用,泛指“人”“一个人”“人们”。(此时句中也可以出现ones或oneself与之呼应)如:One often fails to see their own faults.人往往看不见自己的缺点。One should do their best at all times.一个人无论如何都应尽最大努力。 表示具体的“一个人”或“一个事物”如:He is not one who is easy to work with.他不是容易合作的人。This is the one you looking for.这就是你要找的那一个。注意:当one前面有形容词修饰时,形容
25、词前必须有冠词或代词。如:Her new car goes faster than her old one.她的新汽车比旧的跑得快。I dont like this green peach. Please give me a red one.我不喜欢这个绿桃子,请给我一个红的。 代替上文已出现过的单数可数名词或复数名词以避免重复。如:I prefer red roses to white ones.我喜欢红玫瑰胜过白玫瑰。The problem is harder than that one.这个问题比那个更难。 词汇辨析:it,one,与that it是用来代替前文出现的同一事物,即指同类同
26、物,代替可数或不可数名词。复数是they(主格)them(宾格)I left my electronic dictionary in my drawer,but today it is gone.我把电子词典放在抽屉里,可今天不见了。(it 指上文提到的electronic dictionary) one 代替与前面事物同属一类但非同一个的可数名词,表示泛指意义。复数为ones.如:I dont like this type of CD player. Could you show me a better one?我不喜欢这种类型的CD播放机,能不能给我拿一个更好一点的?(one 指CD pl
27、ayer) that用来代替前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词,可以指同一类;它的复数形式是those,用来替代前面特指的复数名词,只能指物不能指人。如:Marys handwriting is far better than that of Henry.玛丽的书法比亨利的好多了。(that 指the handwriting)2.either,neithereither表示“两者中任何一个”;neither表示“两者中任何一个都不”;either,neither是一对意义相反的代词,二者用法相同,都可作主语,宾语和定语。如:Either is OK.(作主语)两个随便哪个都行。Yo
28、u may take either of the books.作宾语)两本书中随你拿一本。There are roses on either side of the road.作定语)路两旁种着玫瑰花。 either 和neither作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。如:Neither is willing to help her.两人都不愿帮她。注意:neither 后可跟of 短语如:Neither of them is interested in the film.他们两个都对那部电影没兴趣。 either用作代词,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,of后接复数名词,名词前要用一个物主代词,指
29、示代词或定冠词。如:He doesnt like either of the two places.他不喜欢这两个地方中的任何一个。 either.or“不是.就是.;或者或者.”neither.nor“既不.也不.”皆为并列连词,连接句中两并列成分,连接两并列主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上应遵循就近一致的原则,即根据与谓语动词最靠近的主语决定谓语动词的人称和数的形式。如:Either he or you have stolen my watch.不是他就是你偷了我的手表。Neither my sister nor I am willing to work with you.我姐姐和我都不愿和你
30、一起工作。 either 在否定句中常位于句末,表示“也”之意,此时either为副词。如:I dont like maths and he dislike it,either.我不喜欢数学,他也不喜欢。 neither表示“也不”,位于句首。后面使用倒装语序。如:This shirt doesnt fit me;neither does that one.这种衬衣不合我的身,那件也一样。3.both,allboth“两者,都”仅指两个人或物;all “全部,都”指三个或三个以上的人或物;both of/all of后为名词时,of 可以省略。为代词宾格时,of不可以省略。如:All (of)
31、the students went to the concert last night.昨晚所有的学生都去听音乐会了。She invited both of us to her birthday party.她邀请我们两个参加她的生日宴会。 al指事物的整体或抽象概念时用作单数,指人时用作复数。如:All is going perfectly.一切进展顺利。All are here,so let get started.所有人都到齐了,咱们开始吧。 both 和all都可置于定冠词等限定词之前,也可以直接修饰名词。如:All the windows are open.所有的窗户都开着。Both
32、 my sister and my cousin like playing cards.我的妹妹和表弟都喜欢打扑克。 both,all作主语同位语时应位于实义动词之前,系动词,助动词或情态动词之后。如:They both like coffee very much.他们两个都很喜欢喝咖啡。The people all agree to pass a law to protect wild animals.人们一致同意通过一项保护野生动物的法令。They have both been living in Beijing for 20 years.他们两个在北京生活20年了。You should
33、all hand in your work tomorrow.明天你们必须把作业交上。 在简略答语中,al和both不可置于句末。A:Were you all present at the meeting?你们都出席会议了吗?B:Yes,we all were.是的,我们都出席了。A:Have you finished the homework?你们完成作业了吗?B:Yes,we both have.是的,我们都完成了。注意:all的全部否定形式是none;both的全部否定形式是neither如:None of us is a worker./ None of us are workers.
34、我们都不是工人。Neither of us is going to share the cost.我们俩都不承担这笔费用。 all,both与not连用表示部分否定如:Not all/both the teachers in this remote school have opportunity to get further education.=All/both the teachers in this remote school dont have opportunity to get further education.在这所边远学校,不是所有(两个)老师都有机会去进修。4.each,e
35、very each表示两者或两者以上的“每一个”,强调“个体”,倾向于把整体分开来考虑。(具体的概念)作代词或形容词,可以作主语,宾语,定语和同位语。如:Each of them has a mobile phone.(作主语)他们每一个都有一部手机。From each according to his ability,to each according to his need.(作宾语)各尽所能,各取所需。Each room can seat at least fifty people.(作定语)每个房间至少能坐50人。We each have a text book.(作同位语)我们每个人
36、有一本教科书。注意:代词each作同位语,谓语动词与主语we保持一致。 every指三者或三者以上的“每一个”,强调“全体”,暗示无一例外,在句中只能作定语。(概括的概念)如:Every student went to the Great Wall with their teachers last Sunday.上周日全体师生去爬的长城。注意:each of后跟可数名词或代词复数,every不与of连用。如:Each of the houses here is painted a different color.这里每幢房子都漆成不同的颜色。“every+基数词+名词复数”“every+序数词
37、+名词单数”表示“每,每隔” 如:He went to see his grandpa every five days/every fifth day.他每五天去看一次爷爷。 every 与not连用,表示部分否定。如:Every man is not honest.=Not every man is honest.并非每个人都诚实。 each与not连用,表示全部否定。如:Each man is not honest每个人都不诚实。 在下列短语中,用each和every均可。each/every day;each/every year,each/every time。但:every now
38、and then“时常,不时”为固定结构,不能用each.5.another,other,the other,others,the others another 强调三者或三者以上“另一个”,与可数名词单数连用,表示“另一个”,泛指(无整体范围)如:I have looked through these.Will you please show me another shirt?这些我都看了,能不能再拿一件衬衫给我看一看。“another+数词+复数名词”表示在原有基础上“又,再,额外”如:I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here
39、for another three weeks.我在这里已呆了两周了,我还要在这里再呆三周。 the other,other the other:强调两者之间的“另一个”,one,the other如:On one side of the river grow willows,and on the other side grow poplars.河的一岸长着垂柳,另一岸长着杨树。可与复数名词连用,表示“其他的人或物”如:Can you distinguish Venus from the other stars?你能把金星与其他的星星区别开来吗? other:“其他的”,与复数名词连用。如:N
40、o matter what other people may said btick to my plan.不管别人说什么,我都会坚持我的计划。也可与单数名词连用,与单数名词连用时必须有the,some,any,no等词限定;“any + other+单数名词”,表示排除本身的“别的任何一个”如:I have no other shoe.我没有其他可穿的鞋了。Have you got any other book on this subject?你还有关于这个问题的其他书吗?John isnt here.He might be in some other room.约翰不在这里,他可能在别的房间
41、。“数词十other+复数名词”表示“额外的”如:He found there were two other guests beside himself.他发现除了他自己还有另外两个客人。 others,the others others “others =other+复数名词”,常与some连用,表示“一些”“另一些”。如:Some of the questions are hard;others are easy.这些问题中有些很难,有些容易。In the summer vacation,some like to travel,and others like to have part-ti
42、me jobs.在暑假,有的人喜欢旅游,有的人喜欢打工。 the others 作代词,表示特定范围的其余的一些人或物。如:There are five foreign students in our class.Two of them are British and the others(=the other three foreign students)are Americans.我们班有五个外国学生,其中两个是英国人,剩下的三个是美国人。There are ten apples.Five of them are mine,the others are yours.这儿有10个苹果,5个是
43、我的,其余的5个是你的。6.some,any some常用在肯定句中,接可数名词复数或不可数名词。如:Some people work to live,and some live to work.一些人工作是为了活着,一些人活着是为了工作。Id like some coffee with milk.我想要点加奶的咖啡。 any多用于疑问句,否定句,或条件句中,表示“一些”,既可以指可数名词复数,也可指不可数名词。如:Have you got any money with you?你身上带钱了吗?There worit be any trouble.不会有麻烦。If you have any b
44、ooks,please give me some.如果你有书,请给我一些。 注意: some有时也用于疑问句中,表示说话者希望对方给予肯定的回答。如:Would you like some tea?你想喝点茶吗? any 有时也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”“任何一些”。如:Any normal child can learn a language very quickly.任何正常的儿童学习一门语言都非常快。Tom is taller than any other student in my class.汤姆比班里的其他任何一个同学都高。(汤姆是班里个儿最高的一位同学)“some/any
45、of +”结构作主语时,谓语动词需要根据 of 后面的名词单复数而定。如:Some of the food has gone bad.有些食品变质了。Some of them agree,and some of them dont.他们中有些人同意,有些不同意。I dont think any of them are coming.我认为他们没人会来。Any of your time is to be made full use of.应该充分利用你的任何时间。some 还可指某一个,此时常修饰可数名词的单数形式,some的这种用法暗含不认识,不知道,不感兴趣,不重视等意思。如:Some pe
46、rson parked his car here.有人把车停在了这里。Some day Im going to take a long motor trip.某一天我要骑摩托车做一次长途旅行。waynesunbj6.much,many many修饰或代替可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。如:He hasnt had much happiness these last few years.最近这几年他没有过多少舒心的日子。How many times have you been there?你到那里去过几次? more是many和much的比较级,many的比较级前用many 等修饰可数名词的词语;much的比较级前用much等修饰不可数名词的词语。如:He has many (a lot/a few)more apples than I.他的苹果比我的多得多(多几个)。He has much (a lot/a little)more money than I他的钱比我的多得多(多一些)。 词组a good many和复数名词连用,谓语动词也用复数形式;manya后的名词,动词都用单数。如:A good many books were imported last year.去年进口了许多书籍。Many a man has tried