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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载高考英语二轮复习精品教案：非谓语动词 1 一、动词不定式 1动词不定式的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义一般式主动被动to do to be done 进行式to be doing / 完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing / 如：He seems to know this. It is important to read English every day. The bridge to be built next year is very long
2、. Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long. His new novel is said to have been published. She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by. 明白不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确懂得和使用不定式起着很重要的作用；要结合不定式的 句法功能一起把握,敏捷运用；2不定式的句法功能 除了谓语外,不定式可以担当句子的任何成分；To see is to believe. 眼见为实； 作主语和表语 You should continue to learn a
3、s long as you live. 要活到老学到老； 作宾语 她晚上常常有许多会要开； 作She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 定语 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对； 作状语 I didnt expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早； 作宾语补足语 3
4、学习动词不定式应留意的几个问题 1 用不定式作宾语的词语；以下词语常用不定式作宾语：afford ,promise ,refuse ,expect ,hope,learn ,offer ,wish ,want ,fail,plan , agree , prefer ,decide ,manage,arrange ,determine ,desire 等；以下动词后可接“ 疑问词不定式” ：teach ,decide ,wonder,show,learn ,forget,ask,advise ,discuss 等；2 懂得和使用不定式作宾补； see,watch ,notice ,hear ,l
5、isten to,observe ,feel ,make,let ,have 等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加 to ,此时的不定式就是主语补足语； 常用不定式作宾补的几种情形：主语 ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like sb. to do sth. 主语 think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imaginesb. to be/to have done sth. 主语 call on/depend on/wait for/ask forsb. to do sth. 3 不定式作定语的特别用法； 以下词语后常接不
6、定式作定语：chance,wish ,right,courage ,need,promise ,time ,opportunity,way, the first,the second ,the last,the only 等；如：He had a good way to make his lessons lively and interesting. Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday. 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在规律上有主谓关系；如：There is no one to look after her.
7、不定式与被修饰的名词在规律上有动宾关系；如：I have a lot of work to do. 假如不定式是不及物动词,后面应有必要的介词；如：He is looking for a room to live in. 但假如及物动词后已有了自己的宾语,其后仍应加适当的介词；Here is a box to put things in. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载留意：假如不定式的规律主语和规律宾语都显现在不定式前面,不定式就用主动形式；如在句中找不到不定式的规律主语,就用不定式的被动形
8、式；留意这两句话的区分：I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写； 我写信 Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends？ 你有什么要 我 带给你的伴侣们吗？ 被我带而不是你带 4 不定式作状语的用法；不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示目的、结果、缘由；only to do表示出人意料的结果；如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. in order not to, so as not to
9、用来引导目的状语,但so as to不能用于句首； so as to do, such 名词 as to do引导结果状语；如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. Im not such a fool as to believe that. 不定式仍可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语；如：He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with. 留意：此时不定式用主动,而不需用被动；而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏；5
10、 不定式的完成式的特别用法； 表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作；如：The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. seem,appear ,be said ,be supposed ,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported等常用于上面句型；此外, glad ,happy,satisfied,sorry ,surprised,disappointed 后也可接不定式的完成式； 不定式的完成
11、式仍可表示“ 过去本想做某事但未做” 的虚拟语气；A would like/would love 不定式的完成式；B was/were 不定式的完成式,表示该做某事或想做但未实现；C expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish 望；6 不定式的省略； 不定式的完成式,表示过去未曾实现的愿两个并列的不定式由and 或 or 连接时,省略后面的不定式中的to ；如：I want to finish my homework and go home. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - -
12、- - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例： To be or not to be,this is a question. do,后省 to ” ；如：He is better to laugh than to cry. 表示对比 句中含有动词do 时, but ,except ,besides等后面的 to 可省略；即“ 前有He didnt do anything but complain. why not, had better,would rather,cant but等后省 to ；如： He could n
13、ot but walk home. 7 不定式的替代；多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中,为了防止重复,作宾语或补语的不定式再次显现时,to 后的内容常承前省略 只保留 to 即可 ；但假如承前省略的不定式有助动词 形 be 或 have；如：Susan is not what she used to be. Id like /love /be happy to. have 或 be 的任何形式,后应当保留原You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 二、
14、动名词动名词具有动词和名词的特点,有一般式和完成式,有主动式和被动式之分,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语；1 动名词的基本构成和意义时态与语态意义例句一般式表示动作与谓语动词Would you mind my opening the window？完成式同时或稍后发生你介意我打开窗户吗？I remembered having been taken to 表示动作先于谓语动Beijing three times. 我记得自己被带到主动语态词发生北京三次；规律主语是动名词动They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
15、 他们因提前完成作的执行者工作而受到夸奖；名师归纳总结 被动语态规律主语是动名词的No one likes being laughed at in public. 第 4 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. 承担者学习必备欢迎下载没有人情愿当众被嘲笑；动名词的句法功能1 作主语动名词作主语表示抽象的概念,通常直接置于句首,有时先用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句末；这种用法在习惯句型中常用；如：Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真好玩；覆水难收； 谚语 It is no use/no good cr
16、ying over spilt milk.2 作宾语 作动词的宾语；可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅 consider,suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon 承认推迟没得想 admit, delay/put off, fancy 防止错过连续练 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise 否认完成停止赏 deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate 不禁介意准逃亡 cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape 不准冒险凭想象 forbid
17、, risk, imagine 作动词短语的宾语；可接动名词作宾语的动词短语有：think of,depend on ,set about,succeed in,worry about, think about,give up ,put off,burst out,insist on,cant stand, be/get used to,devote to , look forward to,pay attention to ,get down to,object to,feel like,adapt to,dream of 等；三、分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词；学习分词要留意下面两大问题：
18、分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义；分词的句法功能；1 分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义形式时态意义语态例句意义名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 现一动作正在进行学习必备欢迎下载主动 He stood on the street begging. 般或与主句谓语被动 The building being built is a hospital. 式动词同时发生在分完动作发生在主主动 Having finished my homework, I went to bed. 词成句谓语动词之Not having
19、 received a reply, he decided to 式前write again. 被动 Having been criticized many times, Jack didnt come any more. 形式时态意义语态例句意义现一般动作正在进行或主动He stood on the street begging. 式与主句谓语动词被动The building being built is a hospital. 同时发生在完成动作发生在主句主动Having finished my homework, I went 分式谓语动词之前 to bed. 词Not having r
20、eceived a reply, he decided to write again. 被动 Having been criticized many times, Jack didnt come any more. 留意：明白分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义,是正确懂得和使用分词的关键；形式时态意义语态例句意义及物动动作已完成主动I often heard the song sung. 词的过名师归纳总结 过去分词无时态意义被动spoken and written English 第 6 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 去少数不
21、动作已完成被动学习必备欢迎下载fallen leaves 分及物动the risen sun 对比 falling leaves正在词词的过下去分词落的叶子, the rising sun正在升起的太阳 分词的时态意义和语态意义不同于谓语动词的时态和语态,非谓语的时态意义和语态意义都是相对而言 的；详细地说,非谓语动词的时态意义是和主句谓语动词相对而言,例如：假如分词的动作与谓语动词的 动作同时发生,就可能用现在分词一般式,假如是在主句谓语动词之前发生,就可能用现在分词完成式；而语态意义就和分词的规律主语有关,假如分词的动作与其规律主语是主动关系,就用现在分词,假如与 其规律主语是被动关系,就
22、可能用现在分词的被动式,或过去分词；所谓的规律主语即句子中与分词形成 规律关系的名词或代词；例如：分词作状语和表语时,其规律主语就是句子的主语；分词作定语,其规律 主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词；分词作宾语补足语,其规律主语就是句子的宾语；2 分词的句法功能 1 作定语 Mike held a burning stick and Tom carried a gun. The stick was burning. How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fieldsthat had been wasted . Asia is the la
23、rgest continent, covering one third of the earths land area which covers . 分词短语作定语有时和它所修饰的名词或代词发生分隔开来的现象；There is a notice on the blackboard reading “ An examination will be given next week. which reads ”2 作表语 We were excited at the news. His shoes were old and worn. 3 作补语包括宾语补足语和主语补足语；常用于see, leave
24、, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后以及with 复合结构中；I saw Tom coming out of the house. No tricky words would move him. He kept his mouth tightly closed. We mustnt leave the work unfinished. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载He stood for some time with his hand stil
25、l raised. 4 作状语 分词作状语常表示时间、缘由、条件、方式、相伴或结果、附加说明等；Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life. 时间状语 Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday. 缘由状语 缘由状语 Not having done it as he told us to, we were scolded. Working hard, you will succeed. 条件状语 He came running all the way. 方式状语 The ch
26、ildren headed towards school, followed by their dogs. 相伴状语 结果状语 He dropped the plate, breaking it into hundreds of pieces. If the advertising fails, having no effect on sales, the whole programme will be reviewed. 附加说明 留意：分词作结果状语往往表示意料中的结果,而不定式作结果状语就表示意料之外的结果；试比较：A terrible storm hit the area, causi
27、ng great damage to the crops. He arrived to the station only to find the train had already left. 分词作状语时有时前面可加有连词；如：Once, while working on a new invention, Edison made 8,000 tests without success. I wont go to his party unless invited. The beggar waited as if expecting more. 5 作插入语的分词独立结构 分词作插入语的结构是固
28、定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语；如：generally speaking 一般说来 说到 talking of speaking of strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从 判定 all things considered 从整体来看 全面看来 taking all things into considerationJudging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他肯定是病了；Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说,狗比猪跑得快；speak
29、ing不是dogs 的动作 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载1 【误】 We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall. 【解析】考查固定结构；allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth. 2 【误】 She was the
30、first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 【解析】当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时,此定语通常由不定式来充当；3 【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【解析】 being discus
31、sed表示动作正在进行,而依据at tomorrows meeting可判定动作发生在将来,故用to be discussed表示；4 【误】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning. 【解析】 see ,watch 等动词转换为被动结构时,其后不定式一般需要带 to ；5 Ive been looking forward to hear from you. 【答案】 hear 改为 hearing ；【解析】短语 look forward to中, to
32、 为介词,所以应用动名词作宾语；6 He admitted to have stolen the car. 【答案】 to have改为 having ；形式作宾语；【解析】 admit 后面跟动词的 -ing7 This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 名师归纳总结 【答案】 This改为 It；形式,只能用it ；第 9 页,共 19 页【解析】作形式主语,代替动词的 -ing- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载8 The flowers need be
33、ing watered. 【答案】 being watered 改为 watering 或者 to be watered；【解析】 need, want, require 等动词的主语为物时,后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构,表示“ 需要被 ” ；9 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语；1 【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated. 2 【误】 The book having been written long
34、ago is hard for us to understand today. 【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 10作状语的分词,其规律主语必需同句中主语为同一人或同一事,现在分词与其规律主语有主动关系,而过去分词就与其规律主语有被动关系；1 【误】 Having found the cause, the experiment continued. 【正】 Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. Having found Af
35、ter/When they had found 2 【误】 Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 【正】 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. SeenWhen the city is seen 11非谓语的否定式中,not 必需放在非谓语的最前面；1 【误】 Having not finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. 【正】 Not having fini
36、shed his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. 2 【误】 Mother warns us to not play in the street. 【正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载1 The book mainly deals with the trouble students might have _ right from wrong. Adistingu
37、ishing Bdistinguished ,只不过此题中的trouble提到前面作先Cto distinguish Dto be distinguished 【解析】 A 考查固定搭配have trouble in doing sth.行词了；2. _ of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it. AConvinced BConvincing CTo convince DHaving convinced 【解析】 A 动词 convince 表示“ 使 确信” ； be convinced of sth.“ 确信
38、,信任” ；此处用过去分词作状语；3 Be careful. Dont forget you are on a ladder. But you are holding it for me, nothing _ . Aworry about Bto worry about Cis worried about Dworrying about 【解析】 B 考查非谓语动词； “ 当心点； 别忘了你在梯子上； ” “ 但是你扶着呢, 没什么可担忧的； ”不定式 to worry about 作后置定语；4 He looked at me, with an expression _ that he fe
39、lt even more puzzled. Aindicate Bindicates 复合结构,其中an expression为规律主语,Cindicating Dindicated 【解析】 C with an expression indicating 为 withindicate与这个规律主语之间有主动关系,故用现在分词；5Your cousin is said _ a new computer programme recently, but do you know when he will finish it. 名师归纳总结 Ato design Bto be designing 第
40、11 页,共 19 页Cto have been designing Dto have designed 【解析】 C 此题考查不定式的用法；句意为：你的堂兄最近始终在设计一组电脑程序,你知道他什么时候完成吗？sb be said to do为固定用法,由recently可知,设计程序是从过去始终连续到现在的- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 动作,应用to have been doing学习必备欢迎下载结构；6 When John came to himself, he found himself _ in the hospital, but he d
41、idnt know how that had come _. Astaying; around Blying; about come about 意为“ 发生,产生” ；Clied; across Dlying; into being 【解析】 B find himself lying 发觉他自己正躺在 ；7 He claimed _ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. Abeing badly treated Btreating badly Cto be treated badly Dto have been ba
42、dly treated 【答案】 D 8 Why are the students working so hard these days. _ ready for the coming entrance examination. ATo get BGet C Getting DGot 【解析】 A 此题考查非谓语动词；联系语境可知,这些日子同学们努力学习是为即将到来的考试做 A 项正确；预备,动词不定式作目的状语；故9 If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades _ hot issue all over the world. Acoming
43、B having come Cto come D to be coming ,water shortage will become a 【解析】 C 此题考查非谓语动词；用不定式表示将要到来的；句意为：假如在将来的几十年水资源变得稀有,那么水资源的缺乏将会成为全球比较热门的一个话题；10The party was a success,but we thought it a pity not _ you. 名师归纳总结 Ato invite Bto be inviting 第 12 页,共 19 页Cto have invited Dto be invited - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备