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1、2023全国大学英语四级考试试卷阅读（三）Part III Reading Comprehension Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your cho
2、ices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Physical activity does the body good, and theres growing evidence that it h
3、elps the brain too. Researchers in the Netherlands report that children who get more exercise, whether at school or on their own, 26 to have higher GPAs and better scores on standardized tests. In a 27 of 14 studies that looked at physical activity and academic 28 , investigators found that the more
4、 children moved, the better their grades were in school, 29 in the basic subjects of math, English and reading.The data will certainly fuel the ongoing debate over whether physical education classes should be cut as schools struggle to 30 on smaller budgets. The arguments against physical education
5、have included concerns that gym time may be taking away from study time. With standardized test scores in the U.S. 31 in recent years, some administrators believe students need to spend more time in the classroom instead of on the playground. But as these findings show, exercise and academics may no
6、t be 32 exclusive. Physical activity can improve blood 33 to the brain, fueling memory, attention and creativity, which are 34 to learning. And exercise releases hormones that can improve 35 and relieve stress, which can also help learning. So while it may seem as if kids are just exercising their b
7、odies when theyre running around, they may actually be exercising their brains as well.A)attendance E)dropping I)mood M)reviewB)consequently F)essential J)mutually N)surviveC)current G)feasible K)particularly O)tendD)depressing H)flow L)performance Section BDirections: In this section, you are going
8、 to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking
9、the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Finding the Right Homeand Contentment, TooA When your elderly relative needs to enter some sort of long-term care facilitya moment few parents or children approach without fearwhat you would like is to have everything made clear.B Does assisted living reall
10、y mark a great improvement over a nursing home, or has the industry simply hired better interior designers? Are nursing homes as bad as people fear, or is that an out-moded stereotype（固定见解)? Can doing ones homework really steer families to the best places? It is genuinely hard to know.C I am about t
11、o make things more complicated by suggesting that what kind of facility an older person lives in may matter less than we have assumed. And that the characteristics adult children look for when they begin the search are not necessarily the things that make a difference to the people who are going to
12、move in. I am not talking about the quality of care, let me hastily add. Nobody flourishes in a gloomy environment with irresponsible staff and a poor safety record. But an accumulating body of research indicates that some distinctions between one type of elder care and another have little real bear
13、ing on how well residents do.D The most recent of these studies, published in The journal of Applied Gerontology, surveyed 150 Connecticut residents of assisted living, nursing homes and smaller residential care homes（known in some states as board and care homes or adult care homes). Researchers fro
14、m the University of Connecticut Health Center asked the residents a large number of questions about their quality of life, emotional well-being and social interaction, as well as about the quality of the facilities.E “We thought we would see differences based on the housing types,” said the lead aut
15、hor of the study, Julie Robison, an associate professor of medicine at the university. A reasonable assumptiondont families struggle to avoid nursing homes and suffer real guilt if they cant?F In the initial results, assisted living residents did paint the most positive picture. They were less likel
16、y to report symptoms of depression than those in the other facilities, for instance, and less likely to be bored or lonely. They scored higher on social interaction.G But when the researchers plugged in a number of other variables, such differences disappeared. It is not the housing type, they found
17、, that creates differences in residents responses. “It is the characteristics of the specific environment they are in, combined with their own personal characteristicshow healthy they feel they are, their age and marital status,” Dr. Robison explained. Whether residents felt involved in the decision
18、 to move and how long they had lived there also proved significant.H An elderly person who describes herself as in poor health, therefore, might be no less depressed in assisted living（even if her children preferred it) than in a nursing home. A person who had input into where he would move and has
19、had time to adapt to it might do as well in a nursing home as in a small residential care home, other factors being equal. It is an interaction between the person and the place, not the sort of place in itself, that leads to better or worse experiences. “You cant just say, Lets put this person in a
20、residential care home instead of a nursing homeshe will be much better off,” Dr. Robison said. What matters, she added, “is a combination of what people bring in with them, and what they find there.”I Such findings, which run counter to common sense, have surfaced before. In a multi-state study of a
21、ssisted living, for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variablesthe facilitys type, size or age；whether a chain owned it；how attractive the neighborhood washad no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitaliza
22、tions or mortality. What mattered most was the residents physical health and mental status. What people were like when they came in had greater consequence than what happened once they were there.J As I was considering all this, a press release from a respected research firm crossed my desk, announc
23、ing that the five-star rating system that Medicare developed in 2023 to help families compare nursing home quality also has little relationship to how satisfied its residents or their family members are. As a matter of fact, consumers expressed higher satisfaction with the one-star facilities, the l
24、owest rated, than with the five-star ones.（More on this study and the star ratings will appear in a subsequent post.)K Before we collectively tear our hair outhow are we supposed to find our way in a landscape this confusing?here is a thought from Dr. Philip Sloane, a geriatrician（老年病学专家)at the Univ
25、ersity of North Carolina:“In a way, that could be liberating for families.”L Of course, sons and daughters want to visit the facilities, talk to the administrators and residents and other families, and do everything possible to fulfill their duties. But perhaps they dont have to turn themselves into
26、 private investigators or Congressional subcommittees. “Families can look a bit more for where the residents are going to be happy,” Dr. Sloane said. And involving the future resident in the process can be very important.M We all have our own ideas about what would bring our parents happiness. They
27、have their ideas, too. A friend recently took her mother to visit an expensive assisted living/nursing home near my town. I have seen this placeit is elegant, inside and out. But nobody greeted the daughter and mother when they arrived, though the visit had been planned；nobody introduced them to the
28、 other residents. When they had lunch in the dining room, they sat alone at a table.N The daughter feared her mother would be ignored there, and so she decided to move her into a more welcoming facility. Based on what is emerging from some of this research, that might have been as rational a way as
29、any to reach a decision.36. Many people feel guilty when they cannot find a place other than a nursing home for their parents.37.Though it helps for children to investigate care facilities, involving their parents in the decision-making process may prove very important.38.It is really difficult to t
30、ell if assisted living is better than a nursing home.39.How a resident feels depends on an interaction between themselves and the care facility they live in.40.The author thinks her friend made a rational decision in choosing a more hospitable place over an apparently elegant assisted living home.41
31、. The system Medicare developed to rate nursing home quality is of little help to finding a satisfactory place.42.At first the researchers of the most recent study found residents in assisted living facilities gave higher scores on social interaction.43.What kind of care facility old people live in
32、may be less important than we think.44.The findings of the latest research were similar to an earlier multi-state study of assisted living.45.A residents satisfaction with a care facility has much to do with whether they had participated in the decision to move in and how long they had stayed there.
33、Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single lin
34、e through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly sophisticated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell,
35、if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks, its necessary to translate our morals into AI language.For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you wouldnt want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make din
36、ner for the hungry children. “You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values,” said Russell.Some robots are already programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences,
37、 but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldnt think thats the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.
38、Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient testing and theyve produced a system that will bre
39、ak some kind of taboo（禁忌).One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opportunity to stop, send out beeps（嘟嘟声), and ask for
40、directions from a human. If we humans arent quite sure about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for h
41、umanity.46.What does the author say about the threat of robots?A)It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers.B)It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.C)It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.D)It has become an inevitable peril as technology get
42、s more sophisticated.47.What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author?A)They are aggressive. B)They are outgoing.C)They are ignorant. D)They are ill-bred.48.How do robots learn human values?A)By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.B)By followi
43、ng the daily routines of civilized human beings.C)By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.D)By imitating the behavior of property brought-up human beings.49.What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?A)Keep a distance from possible dangers. B)Stop to see
44、k advice from a human being.C)Trigger its built-in alarm system at once. D)Do sufficient testing before taking action.50.What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?A)Determine what is moral and ethical. B)Design some large-scale experiments.C)Set rules for man-ma
45、chine interaction. D)Develop a more sophisticated program.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your person
46、ality have on your longevity（长寿）?Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.The study shows that tho
47、se living the longest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic （神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those
48、 who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times.Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, for instance, were no more likely to live to be very old