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1、2023年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans hav
2、e an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the U
3、niversity of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist?Half of the pens w
4、ould 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwhichpenswereelectrified;anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified7leftaloneintheroom,thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould8.Subsequentexperimen
5、tsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor11orshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicago.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct-itcan12newscientificadvances,fo
6、rinstance-butsometimessuch13canbackfire.Theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however.Inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthati
7、maginingthe18offollowingthroughononescuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor.Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity.Hseesays.Inotherwords,dontreadonlinecomments.1. A. resolveB. protectC. discussD. ignore2.A. refuseB. waitC. seekD. regret3.A. r
8、iseB. lastC. misleadD. hurt4.A. alertB. tieC. exposeD .treat5.A. messageB. trialC. reviewD. concept6.A. removeB. weakenC. deliverD. interrupt7. A. UnlessB. IfC. ThoughD. When8. A. happenB. continueC. disappearD. change9. A. rather thanB. such asC. regardless ofD. owing to10. A. disagreeB. forgiveC.
9、forgetD. discover11. A. payB. marriageC. foodD. schooling12.A. begin withB. rest onC. learn fromD. lead to13.A. withdrawalB. inquiryC. persistenceD. diligence14.A. self-destructiveB. self-reliantC. self-evidentD. self-deceptive15.A. resistB. defineC. replaceD. trace16.A. predictB. overlookC. designD
10、. conceal17. A. rememberB. chooseC. promiseD. pretend18. A. reliefB. planC. outcomeD. duty19.A. whetherB. whyC. whereD. how20. A .limitationsB. investmentsC. strategiesD. consequencesSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by
11、choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school whe
12、re learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just a
13、bout everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost
14、a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype, that its for kids who cant make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security th
15、at the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rigitfully so.But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for all -and the subtle devaluing of anything less-misses an important point: Thats not the o
16、nly thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelors degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the worki
17、ng class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do them. Koziateks Mancheste
18、r School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziateks school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nations diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of_.A. mechanical memorizationB. academic trainingC
19、. practical abilityD. pioneering spirit22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who_.A. are financially disadvantagedB. are not academically successfulC. have a stereotyped mindD. have no career motivation23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates_.A. ar
20、e entitled to more “educational privilegesB. are reluctant to work in manufacturingC .used to have more job opportunitiesD. used to have big financial concerns 24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all_.A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC
21、. is expected to yield a better-trained workforceD. indicates the overvaluing of higher education25. The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as_.A. supportiveB. disappointedC. tolerantD. cautiousText2While fossil fuels- coal, oil, gas- still generate roughly 85 percent of the w
22、orlds energy supply, its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments an
23、d farsighted Business to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the stories about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the
24、 world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the
25、first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US ,reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels - especially coal - as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power
26、as an unreliable energy source, But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generation - and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data cent
27、ers.Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesntbloworthesundoesntshine?hasprovidedaquickput-downforskeptics.Butaboostinthestorage-capacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowing aroundthe clockmorelikely.Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbig bets on battery-powered e
28、lectric vehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararity onroadsnow, thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincoming years. While theres alongwaytogo, thetrendlinesfor renewablesarespiking.The paceof changeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingupperhaps:justintime to have a meaningful effect in sl
29、owing climate change. WhatWashingtondoes-or doesntdo-topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatimeof a global shift in thought.26. The word plummeting(Line 3,Para.2) is closest in meaning to _A. stabilizing B. changing C. falling D. rising27.AccordingtoParagraph3, theuseofrenewableenergyin Ameri
30、ca_A.isprogressingnotablyB.isasextensiveasinEuropeC.facesmanychallengesD.hasprovedtobeimpractical 28.ItcanbelearnedthatinIowa,_.A.windisawidelyusedenergysourceB.windenergyhasreplacedfossilfuelsC.techgiantsareinvestingincleanenergyD.thereisashortageofcleanenergysupply29. Which of the following is tru
31、e about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewab
32、le energy _.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing Amazon has just
33、 announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesnt have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its
34、users friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom w
35、as enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops of owns, but the recor
36、ds of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have van
37、ished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them. The users of their servi
38、ces are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product theyre selling is data, and we, the users, convert our live
39、s to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce whe31.According to Paragraph1，Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its 。Adigital products Buser informationCphysical assetsDquality service32 .Linking phone numbers to Facebook iden
40、tities may A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author，competition law A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. can
41、not keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because A. they are no defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. these services are generally digital D. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy
42、is used to illustrate A. a win-win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Ca
43、l Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of “deep work” - the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work - be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing
44、a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it. Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in
45、less time. “At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctors appointment or important meeting,” he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you priorities your day-in
46、particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it come to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: th