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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 语气 mood 是一种动词形式, 用以表示说话者的意图或态度；直陈语气 indicative mood, 表示所说的话是事实；祈使语气 imperative mood, 表示所说的话是恳求或命令；英语中的语气有三种： 陈述语气、 祈使语气和虚拟语气；虚拟语气 subjunctive mood, 表示说的话不是事实,或者是不行能发生的情形,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等；一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必需清晰条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句 或称虚拟条件句 两种；真实条件句所表的假设是可能
2、发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气；如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假如明天不下雨,我就去野餐；Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里,油就浮起来；虚拟条件句所表的假设就是不行能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气；时态If 条件从句主句与现在事实相If 主语 + 动词过去式（ be 的过去式用 were）should （would, might, could ）+动词原反形与过去事实相If 主语 +had+过去分词should
3、 （ would, might , could ）+ have 反过去分词与将来事实可主语 +动词过去式（ be 的过去式用 were）； should 动词原形；should （would, might, could ）+动词原能相反were to 动词原形形1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（would, might,could ）+动词原形；如： be 的过去式用 were, 主句的谓语用 should If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. 假如现在不下雨的话,我们就出去野餐了；（事实是：天在下雨
4、,我们不能出去野餐；表示愿望；）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 假如他来这,他就能够帮忙你了；（事实是：他没来这,他不行能帮忙你；表示对他的良好印象；）2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句, 条件从句的谓语用 + have 过去分词；had+过去分词, 主句的谓语用 should （ would, might , could ）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 如：She would have gone to the party if she had been
5、 invited. 要是起初她被邀请的话,她就会去参与这次聚会了；（事实是：当时没有人邀请她,因此,她没有来参与聚会；表示懊悔；）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今日早上,她要是不叫我的话,我就会睡过头了；（事实是：她今日早上叫我了,我没有睡过头；表示感谢；）3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 be 的过去式用 were ； should 动词原形；wereto 动词原形,主句用 should （would, might, could ）+动词原形；如: If I were
6、 to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French. 明年我要是二十岁,我就会学法语；（事实是：我现在已经老了,明年我学不了法语了；）If it should fail, I would try again. 要是失败了,我会再试一次；（事实是：有可能失败,可我会再试；表示未知；）虚拟过去式有时并不表示“ 不大可能实现的假设” ,而是表示一种期望或不期望发生的动作；如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time. 假如我们赶上早班火车,到
7、午饭时间我们就会到达那里了； 表期望 If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station. 假如我们赶不上这班火车,我们就得在车站等一小时；（表不期望）4. 混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一样时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整；主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应,这种条件句叫混合条件句；较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为）,而主句用一般时（指目前状态）；名师归纳总结 He would pass the test if he had taken my advice假如他听了我的劝说,他
8、现在会通过考试；第 2 页,共 9 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了；You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的看法,你现在就会好得多；如条件从句用 if I were.,主句就可用表任何时间的虚拟形式；如：If I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙
9、,我就会去了；were 表过去 If I were you, I would go. 假如我是你,我会去的；were 表现在 二. 连词 if 的省略假如虚拟条件句的谓语部分有 were,had 和 should 时,可省略 if ,把 were,had 和 should 放到从句主语前面去,多见于书面语；Had you not helped me,I should have failed. 要是没有你的帮忙,我就失败了；Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的位置,你也会这样干的；Should they attack us
10、, well wipe them out completely. 假如他们攻击我们,我们就把他们完全毁灭洁净；三. 含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句；含蓄条件句大体有三种情形；1 条件暗含在短语中；如：名师归纳总结 But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. without you 中 第 3 页,共 9 页假如没有你的帮忙,我们的试验是不会胜利的； 暗含在分词短词 butfor your help What would I have done without
11、 you. 如没有你,我会怎么办呢？ 条件暗含在介词短语- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较简单； 条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中 This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸； 条件暗含在分词短语 happening in wartime 中 He must have the strength of a hippopotamus,
12、 or he never could have vanquishedthat great beast. 他肯定是力大如河马,否就他绝不会击败那只巨大的野兽； 暗含条件是连词 or Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人,他是会感到可怕的； 暗含条件是 alone 2 条件暗含在上下文中；如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永久待在这儿； 可能暗含 if you wanted to We would have succeeded. 我们原来是会胜利的； 可能暗含 if we had kept trying Your
13、reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的； 可能暗含 if you should accept it 3 在不少情形下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件；如：You wouldn t know. 你不会知道；I would like to come. 我情愿来；四. 不用 if 引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用 if 引导外,仍可用 when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导；如：The peasants prepared to feed
14、the city when it should be freed. 农夫已预备在这座城市解放后供应粮食；Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全,所以我再从头开头讲一遍；Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了,否就我不会上学；Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept. 会接受吗？（ suppose 或 supposing =wh
15、at if）假如给你一个到美国学习的机会,你名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Supposing it were so？（ =Supposing it were so,what would happen ？）要是这样的话,会怎么样呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow 自行车；假如明天能仍回来,他就可以借用这辆In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 假如我
16、忘了,请提示我的诺言；Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢,就像是累了似的；与 if 一样,上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气,表可能实现或发生的事；虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外,仍可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等；1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用“ 常用在 It is was+ 形容词 / 过去分词 +that 引导的主语从句” 的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气；主语从句的谓语用 should+ 动词原形 或 should+have+ 过去分词 或 只用动词原形 特别是美国英语 ；shoul
17、d 在此是助动词,本身并无实义,这种主语从句中的should 有时有感情颜色；,preferable,Its important that we（should ）workout a plan. （带有“ 要求” 的含义）Its better that he go at once. （带有“ 建议” 的意思） 用于本句型的形容词并不多,常见形容词有：necessary ,important ,best, right, impossibledesirable, imperative, advisable,essential,reserved ,urgent ,等；It is necessary t
18、hat he（should ）besent there at onceIts strange that he should say so. I was glad that he should go. It is important that we should speak politely. It is a pity that she should fare so badly. Its right that you should think that way. 用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词, 如 suggested ,settled, required ,req
19、uested ,demanded,urged,decided,proposed ,ordered ,desired ,advised 等；名师归纳总结 It is requested that Professor Liu（should ）give us a lecture第 5 页,共 9 页It is desired that we（should ）geteverything ready by tonightI m ashamed you should have done such a thing. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It has b
20、een suggested that the meeting（should ）be put off有人建议推迟会议；It is settled that you leave us, then. 留意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气,如：It was important that he made anexplicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明,这是很重要的；2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1. 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后,其谓语用should+ 动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气,作为sugge
21、st ,request ,demand,urge,propose,prefer ,advise ,insist,require ,order ,command,maintain ,ask,object, arrange, desire 等动词的宾语；如：The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里；He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身；The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告仍押；2. wi
22、sh 的宾语的从句,表示愿望,常省去连词 that ； 从句的谓语动词可用过去式,表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反）,虽实现的可能性不大,但仍有实现的可能；I wish it were true我但愿这是真的； 从句的谓语动词仍可用“could （would,might ）+动词原形” 用来表示将来的愿望I wish you would stay a little longer. 我期望你再待一会儿； 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反）,可用“had +过去分词” 或“could （would,might ）+have+过去分词”I wish you had called yesterda
23、y我期望你昨天来过电话；We wish you had come to our New Years party. 我们真期望你来参与了我们的新年联欢会；3. would rather, would sooner 等表示愿望,其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式； 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 用过去完成式 had + 过去分词 表示过去事实相反的含义名师归纳总结 I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来；我宁愿她把重活留给别人；第 6 页,共 9 页I d sooner she left the heavy end of the work
24、to someone else.- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4. 有些动词,如 think, expect, believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+ 动词原形；如：I never thought he should refuse. 我万没有想到他会拒绝；She did not expect that you should come. 她没有预料你会来；3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词 suggestion ,proposal ,order ,advice ,demand等作主语,其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气,用s
25、hould + 动词原形或省略 should ；My suggestion is that we should send a few soldiers to help them. 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们；My advice is that you should treat her well. 我的忠告是你应当善待她；He makes the demand that she should leave the place at once. 他提出一个要求,要求她马上离开这个地方；My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建议是我们应当告知
26、他；Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯独的恳求就是尽快解决这个问题；留意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句；如： There was a suggestion that Brown should be droppedfrom the team.4. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用常用在 It is time that 句型中,定语从句常用虚拟过去式有一项建议是布朗应当离队；It is time the children went to bed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了；（表示督促）Its hig
27、h time that he began to think how to deal with money. 他早该开头考虑如何与钱打交道；名师归纳总结 It is time we left.我们该走了；第 7 页,共 9 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It is time we went to bed. 我们该去睡觉了；5. 虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中,表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中国共产党万岁！God bless you. 上帝保佑你；God damn it. 该死的！The devi
28、l take you. 见鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那样吧；6. 虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系：从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响；1 用于主语从句；2 用于宾语从句；试比较：I suggest that we should go tomorrow. 我建议我们明天走；I suggested that we should go the next day. 我建议我们其次天走；She said, “ If I were a boy I would join the army.” 她说,“ 我如是男孩,就参军；”She said that if she were a boy,
29、 she would join the army. 她说她如是男孩就参军；但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一样的原就；试比较：“ If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said. “ 假如我知道它是如何运行的话,我就会告知你该怎么办,” 他说道；He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do. 他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话,他就会告知我该怎么办；“ If I knew the answer to a
30、ll your questions Id be a genius,” he said. “ 我如知道你全部问题的答案,我就是天才了；” 他说道；He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius. 他说他如知道我全部问题的答案,他就是天才了；但假如全句谓语是虚拟语气,其后从句的时态就多受其影响,现在时态应随之而变为过去时态；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 如： I would think he was wrong.It would seem that she was right. 我看他是错了； 须用 was,试比较： I thinkhe is wrong 她好像是对的； 须用 was,试比较： It seems that she is right. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 9 页