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1、动物科学技术学院动物科学技术学院2020/6/122College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU1 1the differences between dog and the differences between dog and caninecanineIt is known that from the point of animal classification canine is a vertebrate subphylum,mammalia,carnivore,canidae,Canis animal.In Origin of Chinese
2、 Characters：dog is canine and canine means dog.They belong to the same species.In the Warring States Period(475-221BC)：Zhuangzi cited the School of Names and believed dog was not canine.They thought canine could be either wild or domestic,Dog is defined as domestic canine,but it was not equal to can
3、ine.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/123College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU In the early Western Han Dynasty，a Chinese dictionary,also pointed out that dog was a kind of canine.It said dog is the young animal without hard hair.just as the little horse is called colt.Later in the Eastern Ha
4、n Dynasty，Xu Shen put forward a new idea in Origin of Chinese Characters that dogs concept was bigger,so it contained canine whose concept is small.It could be seen that Xu reversed the order.Hao Yixing,a scholar in the Qing Dynasty thought that dog and canine were similar.but dog was only one type
5、of the canine,His idea is close to the present classification of those two words.This is ancient peoples deep thought on canine and dog.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/124College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU What What are the differences between are the differences between these two words
6、these two words todaytoday:1.They were invented in different times Canine is an ancient title,with an history of over 5,000 years.Dog is a derivative title,with a history of only 2000 years.2.They have different semantic scopes canine is a generic term;now people always confuse canine with dog.3.The
7、y have different emotional colors“Canine”doesnt have derogatory meaning,or at most neutral meaning.“Dog”often has derogatory meaning.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/125College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAUOrigin and History of Dogs2.The domestication historyEocene epoch 50 million years ago
8、MiacisMiacisEocene epoch 50 million years agoCynodictis(hesperocyon)bearbearraccoonraccoon2020/6/126College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAUOrigin and History of DogsEocene epoch 50 million years agoMiacisMiacisEocene epoch 50 million years agoCynodictis(hesperocyon)bearbearraccoonraccoonnew be
9、ast wolfMiocene epoch 25 million years ago2.The domestication history2020/6/127College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAUOrigin and History of DogsEocene epoch 50 million years agoMiacisMiacisEocene epoch 50 million years agoCynodictis(hesperocyon)bearbearraccoonraccoonnew beast wolfMiocene epoch
10、 25 million years agoTomarctusPliocene epoch 12 million years ago2.The domestication history2020/6/128College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAUOrigin and History of DogsEocene epoch 50 million years agoMiacisMiacisEocene epoch 50 million years agoCynodictis(hesperocyon)bearbearraccoonraccoonnew
11、beast wolfMiocene epoch 25 million years agoTomarctusPliocene epoch 12 million years ago2.The domestication historycanid such as wolf,fox and raccoonPleistocene 3 million years ago2020/6/129College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU3.The immediate ancestor of dogs3.1“one-origin theory”Dogs are do
12、mesticated from wolf Its main representatives are the famous French naturalist Buffon.“one-origin theory”thinks:all types of dogs in the world can mate,and then breed offspring with reproductive ability which is an important symbol of specie in biology.dogs tails basically bend outward which is an i
13、mportant sign to distinguish wolf from other wild dogs.Because their tails bend inward especially when they relaxed their tails are vertically downward.Georges Georges Louis Louis LeclereLeclerede Buffonde Buffon，1707-1788）Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1210College of Animal Science and Technology
14、,HZAU The one-origin theory was first opposed by the well-known biologist Darwin it couldnt explain that dogs could interbreed with wolves and jackals to produce offspring.it couldnt explain that there are many areas of origins.the domestication of dogs started almost the domestication of dogs start
15、ed almost simultaneously around the worldsimultaneously around the world：around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in Israel 11,000 years ago in Iran about 9,000 years ago in America and Turkey 7,500 years ago in the United States 8,000 years ago in China.In such a short time,it was impossible for dogs to b
16、e domesticated by one animal and spread rapidly all over the world.So the multi-origin theory came into being.Darwin(1809Darwin(1809-1882 1882 French French Biologist,Biologist,naturalist)naturalist)Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1211College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU 3.2“the multi-orig
17、in theory”Multi-origin theory concluded that dogs from all over the world should be domesticated from six canine animals-wolf,coyote,jackal black-backed jackal,side-striped jackal and dingo.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1212College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU British zoologist J.Clutton
18、-Brock pointed out in his book,Evolution of Livestock,that domestic dogs were directly evolved from North-American wolf,Chinese wolf,Indian wolf and European wolf.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1213College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAUToday,they were domesticated into 10 types of dogs in d
19、ifferent regions.The domestic dogs all over the world are descendants of those 10 types.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1214College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU Biologists compared their DNAsand found that the similarity reached 98%.There were as many as 45 kinds of wolves.The diversity of
20、 wolf also explains the diversity of dog.They are also so similar in figure,sound and anatomical structure that it is almost hard to tell apart.At present,there are more than 400 kinds of domestic dogs in the world.It is generally accepted that their ancestor is wolf.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6
21、/1215College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU when and where wolves are domesticated?the mystery is unveiled by a latest research findings Domestic Domestication and Migration of Dog published in the famous international academic journal Cell Research in 2016,Its first author is Wang Guodong,As
22、sociate Researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1216College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU Wangs team took 2 years to collect the samples of domestic dogs suspected origins in East Asia,Southeast Asia,Europe,Africa and North America Through genome sequ
23、encing and other means.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1217College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU They finally reported that domestic dogs were domesticated in Southeast Asia 33,000 years ago,migrated to the Middle East,Africa,Europe and other places 15,000 years ago,and reached Europe 10,00
24、0 years ago,And then,a series of hybrid dog groups in the northern East Asia,migrated to the America with human beings.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1218College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU 4.the history in China 4.1 The Neolithic Age The fossils of dogs unearthed in the Hemudu archaeolo
25、gy site in Zhejiang Province have been the earliest evidence in China with a history of about 8000 years.In the ancient tomb in Huating Village,Jiangsu Province,there was also a dog with a history of about 5,000 years.Other dog fossils are also found in ancient cultural relics like Banpo,Yangshao an
26、d Longshan in China.In addition,archaeologists discovered some dog sculptures For example,in the tomb of Yin Ruins in Anyang,Henan Province Jade puppies were unearthed,In the Eastern Han tomb in Guangdong Province,pottery and wood dogs.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1219College of Animal Science a
27、nd Technology,HZAU4.2 The pre-Qin period The pictogram of dog was discovered in the world-famous oracle inscription found in Yin ruins(about 3300 years ago)As the earliest record of Chinese characters,we can know about domestication and feeding of dogs at that time.2020/6/1220College of Animal Scien
28、ce and Technology,HZAU4.3 In Zhou Dynasty dogs are classified into three types：the hound,fed for hunting barking dog,for guarding houses fed for food4.4 In the Spring and Autumn Period dogs feeding had somewhat developed The Book of Songs wrote:sly rabbits will be hunted by dogs Micius thought:all p
29、eople around the world eats cattle,sheep and dog.So we can see that dog raising was common at that timeOrigin and History of Dogs2020/6/1221College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU4.5 In Han Dynasty Dog guard was official position responsible for feeding the emperors hounds in the palace.Not on
30、ly for sacrifice hunting and guarding dogs were fed for companion and entertainment.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built the Quantai Palace for the officials to watch the dog fighting In 1974,in the ancient tombs of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed some bamboo slips about dogs were discovered.The ex
31、isting 230 characters on the slips showed that the study on dogs had improved.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1222College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAUThey have strong bones,good outlook,clawed feet,and white teethThey have the is eagle-like head,snakelike tail,leopard-like earAnd its body
32、is like the dragonIt is energetic with light in the eyes,swift and smart4.6 During the period of the Three Kingdoms(220-280)the dog feeding industry developed further.Some dogs were recorded to be as expensive,as the price of ten horses.As the poem goesThe dog barks in the deep alley and the rooster
33、s crow on”4.7 In the Jin Dynasty dogs were deeply adored by people Among verses on dogs,Thinker Fu Xiuyis Running Dog is the best one Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1223College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU 4.8 The Tang Dynasty The emperor built a magnificent Five blocks“,including a beaut
34、iful dog block,Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1224College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU4.9 In the Song Dynasty dogs feeding has also developed among ordinary people.The Book of Song said:There are more than 100 dogs in a family in Jiangzhou.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1225College of A
35、nimal Science and Technology,HZAU4.10 In the Yuan Dynasty dogs had been one of the draught animals,In North Area of Yan Mountain.dogs pulled sleds for communication and transportation Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1226College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU4.11 the Ming and Qing Dynasties C
36、hinas dog breeding had reached a high level and we had many world-renowned dog breeds,such as Shih Tzu,Pug,SharPei,Tibetan Spaniel and Mastiff.Most of them were kept in the palaceOrigin and History of Dogs2020/6/1227College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU4.12 In modern timesThe dog feeding ind
37、ustry has further improved Dogs were mostly raised in in rural areas,northern forest and pastoral areas,and towns,They were often fed for guarding,deterrence,hunting,etc.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1228College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAU4.13 In the 1990sWith the improvement of peoples
38、 living standards,a dog breeding boom emerged in China.Peoples enthusiasm for dogs was all-time high with more urban residents raising dogs,It has greatly promoted the prosperity of the dog industry.Origin and History of Dogs2020/6/1229College of Animal Science and Technology,HZAUThats all for the Thats all for the lecturelectureThank you!Thank you!