《2022年翻译理论知识.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年翻译理论知识.docx（63页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 翻译理论与实践考试理论部分复习提纲一、翻译定义：1. 张培基翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容精确而完整地重新表达出 来的语言活动；？3. 刘宓庆翻译的实质是语际的意义转换；？4. 王克非翻译是将一种语言文字所包蕴的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活 动；5. 泰特勒好的翻译应当是把原作的特长完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、剧烈地感受,犹如使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样；？6. 费道罗夫翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不行分割的统一中全部已 表达出来的东西精确而完全地表达出来；？7.
2、卡特福德翻译的定义也可以这样说：把一种语言（Source Language）中的篇章材料用另一种语言（Target Language）中的篇章材料来加以代替；8. 奈达翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语信息最切近的自然对等物,第一就 意义而言,其次就是文体而言；“ Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in term
3、s of style.”-Eugene Nida 纽马克通常（虽然不能说总是如此）,翻译就是把一个文本的意义按作者所想的方式移 译入另一种文字（语言） ；“ Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.”- Peter Newmark 10. “ Translation is the expression
4、in one language or target language 译入语 of what has been expressed in another language source language 原 语 , preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”- Dubois 12. 13.Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thorough
5、ly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. 二、翻译标准1. 翻译的标准概括为言简意赅的四个字：“ 忠实（faithfulness）、通顺（smoothness）” ；忠实指的是忠实于原文；通顺指的是译
6、文的语言必需合乎规范、通俗易懂；？2. 严复 对翻译曾经提出“信（ faithfulness）、达（ expressiveness）、雅（ elegance）”的标准：“ 译事三难：信、达、雅；求其信已大难矣,顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,就达尚焉；”3.“ 泰特勒三原就” ：（1）That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work；（2）That the style and manner of writing should be of the 1 名师归纳总结 - - -
7、 - - - -第 1 页,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - same character with that of the original；（3）That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.”（1）译作应完全复写出原作的思想； （2）译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质； （3）译作应具备原作所具有的通顺； ” ？（谭载喜,2006）泰特勒指出, 这三项原就是好的翻译所必备的条件,它们次序的排列是恰当的、自然的, 是按重要次序排列的,假如在不得已的情形下要牺牲某一个原
8、就就要留意到它们的次第和比较上的重要性,决不能颠倒主次, 以牺牲思想内容的忠实来求得译文的美丽和流畅；5. 奈达提出了闻名的 “ 动态对等”；他对翻译所下的定义 : 所谓翻译 , 是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息, 第一是意义 , 其次是文体； Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in te
9、rms of style. Nida & Taber,1969:12. 这肯定义明确指出翻译的本质和任务是用译语再现源语信息 自然的对等语；？, 翻译的方法用最切近而又最6. 纽马克“ 文本中心” 论：纽马克把要翻译的对象看成文本,并依据语言的功能把文本分为表达型、 信息型和呼唤型三大类；表达型包括庄重的文学作品、声明和信件等； 信息型包括书籍、报告、论文、备忘录等；呼唤型包括各种宣扬品、说明书和通俗小说等；他认为不同的文本应当用不同的翻译方法（纽马克把翻译方法分为语义翻译和交际翻译两种；前者强调忠实于原作“ 原作者”；后者强调忠实于译作“ 读者”）,不同的评判标准,不同的“ 等效”要求；？8
10、. 其他翻译标准？刘重德：信达切许渊冲：信达优；美化之艺术,创优似竞赛；浅化；知之、好之、乐之；发挥译入语优势）傅雷：重神似不重形似 钱钟书：化境（三美论：意美、音美、形美；等化、深化、鲁迅：凡是翻译,必需兼顾两面：一就当然力求其易解,一就储存着原作的丰姿；林语堂：音美、意美、神美、气美、形美 郭沫如：好的翻译等于创作 三、翻译过程懂得和表达是翻译的两个主要步骤；译者对原文的正确懂得在翻译过程中至关重要；译者的表达须具有精确力和表现力,语言须具有生动性和形式美；分析原文就是细致处理词位的所指意义和联想意义、争论句法和语篇结构；懂得和领悟原文 是从事无论何种翻译的基本功力；假如译者的确懂得了原文
11、的涵义,又能得心应手地驾驭译 语,那么翻译就是一个很自然的驾轻就熟的过程；翻译的过程可以简洁分为：懂得表达-校核三个阶段,或懂得-表达两个阶段；四、翻译分类：？2. 从涉及到的符号来看,翻译可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation ）（通过同一语言中的一些语言符号说明另一些符号,如把古汉语译成现代汉语）,语际翻译（interlingual 2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - translation ）（通过一种语言符号说明另一种语言符号,如把英语译成汉语）,符际翻译（intersemiot
12、ic translation ）（通过非语言的符号系统说明语言符号或用语言符号说明非语言符号,如用手势语说明一就新闻；）3. 从翻译的手段来看,翻译可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译；4.从翻译的题材来看明,翻译可分为专业性翻译（翻译法律、科技文献、专业学术论著等）、文学翻译（翻译小说、诗歌、戏剧等文学作品）和一般性翻译（翻译各种应用文和新闻报道等）；5. 从翻译方式上来看,翻译可分为全译、摘译和编译；泰特勒（ Tytler,1748-1814 ）的翻译理论和思想主要见于论翻译的原就一书；该书是西方翻译理论的第一部专著,在书中,泰特勒提出了闻名的翻译三原就：1、译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容 That
13、 the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. ； 2、译文的风格、 笔调应与原文的性质相同That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. ；3、译文影响原文一样流畅 That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition. ；八、常用翻译
14、方法、策略与技巧1. 直译与意译（ Literal translation and Free translation ）英语与汉语的语言结构与文体结构有相同的一面,汉译时可照译, 即所谓“ 直译”既忠实原文内容, 又符合原文的语言与文体结构；由于人们在感情,在对客观事物的感受及社会经受等方面会有相像之处,英汉语言表达中有少量相同或近似的表达方式,这些表达方式的字面意义, 形象意义相同或近似,隐含意义相同,也就是说, 这些表达方式的字面意义和形象意义所传达出的文化信息是相同的,可以互译；？“ 意译” 就从意义动身,只要求将原文大意表达出来,不需过分留意细节,但要求译文自然流畅； 由于文化因素的影
15、响,在翻译时无法保留原语的字面意义和形象意义,可将原文的形象更换成另一个译文读者所熟识的形象,从而转达出原文的语用目的,译出隐含意义； 英汉两种语言不同的进展历史,民族文化, 风俗习惯造成了两个民族特殊的语言与特殊的表达方式；因此, 翻译时必需对两种语言文化基础有基本的熟识,不能逐字翻译；凡语言都有习惯表达, 言外之意；在深化领悟原作的精神实质的前提之下,不拘泥于原作的字面形式,制造性的表达原作思想,但不行添枝加叶,转变原作的风格；注：在翻译界通用的方法是将“ 直译” 与“ 意译” 相互结合；任何一篇好的翻译作品,并不是单纯的某一种翻译方法贯穿始终,而是在保持原文内容的精确性,不引起歧义的情形
16、下,将这两种翻译方法在同一翻译作品中并用,相得益彰；笔者对翻译界的这种做法完全认同；笔者认为, 两种翻译方法在任何一篇翻译作品中都能并用的话,译作品；2. 归化和异化（ domestication and foreignization ）？肯定可以译出一部优秀的翻异化和归化是在 1995 年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯 韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）在译者的隐形（The Translator s Invisibility ）一书中提出来的；从历史上看,异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念延长,但又不完全等同于直译和意译；直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - -
17、-第 3 页,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 何在语言层面处理形式和意义,而异化和归化就突破了语言因素的局限,将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素；按韦努蒂（Venuti）的说法,归化法是“ 把原作者带入译入语文化”,而异化法就是 “ 接受外语文本的语言及文化差异,把读者带入外国情形”；（Venuti,1995:20）由此可见, 直译和意译主要是局限于语言层面的价值取向,异化和归化就是立足于文化大语境下的价值取向,两者之间的差异是显而易见的,不能混为一谈；归化（ domestication）是指在翻译中采纳透亮、流畅的风格,最大限度地淡化原文的生疏感的翻译策略（Sh
18、uttleworth&Cowie , 1997:43-44）；它应尽可能的使源语文本所反映的世界接近目的语文化读者的世界,从而达到源语文化与目的语文化之间的“ 文化对等” ；异化（ foreignization ）是指偏离本土主流价值观,保留原文的语言和文化差异（Venuti ,2001:240 ）； 或 指 在 一 定 程 度 上 保 留 原 文 的 异 域 性 , 故 意 打 破 目 标 语 言 常 规 的 翻 译（Shuttleworth&Cowie ,1997:59）；它主见在译文中保留源语文化,丰富目的语文化和目的语的语言表达方式；用通俗的语言概括, 即归化法要求译者向译语读者靠拢,
19、实行译语读者习惯的译语表达方式,来传达原文的内容；异化法就要求译者向作者靠拢,实行相应于作者使用的原语表达方式,来传达原文的内容；注：异化时不阻碍译文的通顺易懂,归化时不失去原文的味道,同时,我们应坚持对语言形式实行归化的策略,而对其文化因素进行异化处理；这样, 译文作品可兼两策略之长而避其短,使两者有共同进展的空间；由此,在实际翻译过程中归化与异化应当是相辅相成,并有互补的辩证统一关系；翻译理论学问概要第一部分：翻译术语1. Definitions of translation Translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or r
20、ecreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe. Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives. 1. Linguistic Views on Translation Trans
21、lation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, 4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - approaching the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the lingu
22、istic differences between source and target texts. Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language the source language by equivalent textual material in another language the target language. Catford, 1965: 20. Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics,
23、 and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory. Newmark, 1982 /1988:5. 2. Cultural Views on Translation In the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of
24、cultures, i.e. translation is an intercultural communication; hence the terms of intercultural cooperation, acculturation, and transculturation. 翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题；译者不仅要明白外国的文化, 仍要深入明白自己民族的文化； 不仅如此 , 仍要不断地把两种文化加以比较 , 由于真正 的对等应当是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范畴、感情颜色、影响等等都是相当的；翻译者必需是一个真正意义的文化人；人们会说：他必需把握两种语言 ; 的确如此 ,
25、但是不明白语言当中的社会文化 , 谁也无法真正把握语言 王佐 良,1989；4. Semantic Views on Translation This view focuses on the semantic equivalence between the two languages,as well expressed by Eugene Nida1986:Translating means translating meaning. Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way t
26、hat the author intended the text Newmark,1988:5. Semantic translation: the translator attempts,within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the target language,to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author Newmark,1982:22. 5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -
27、 - In semantic translation, greater attention is paid to rendering the authors original thought-processes in target language than to attempting to re-interpret source text in a way which the translator considers more appropriate for the target setting Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:151. 5.Functional View
28、s on Translation Functionalists believe that translation is a specific form of human action with a certain purpose, a kind of linguistic service provided to the society.Translators should take into account the needs of the client, the reader as well as the purpose or use of the translation: It is no
29、t the source text, or its effects on the source-text recipient, or the function assigned to it by the author, that determines the translation process, but the prospective function or purpose of the target text as determined by the initiators, i.e.clients needs Baker,2001:236. 6.Communicative Views o
30、n Translation This approach views translation as a communicative process which takes place within a social context. Communicative translation:the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers Newmark, 1982
31、:22. Communicative translation is generally oriented towards the needs of the target language reader or recipient. A translator who is translating communicatively will treat source text as a message rather than a mere string of linguistic units,and will be concerned to preserve source texts original
32、 function and to reproduce its effect on the new audience Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:21. The above views help us to understand the complex nature of translation. Since there are many factors which affect the translation process, translation is a complicated human activity. 6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页
33、,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. Translation Criteria Put Forward by Famous Translators or Translation Theorists Some well-known translators or translation theorists at home and abroad have put forward criteria to judge the quality of a translation. 1. 严复 1853-1921:Triple Principle of Translation
34、信 faithfulness: 忠实精确 达 expressiveness: 通顺流畅 雅 elegance: 文字古雅Yan Fu put forward this Three- character Guide in his preface to the translation of T.H. Huxleys book Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays 天演论译例言 1898: 译事三难信达雅；求其信己大难矣；顾信矣不达；虽译犹不译也；就达尚焉 . 易曰修辞立诚；子曰辞达而已；又曰言之无文,行之不远；三者乃文章正轨；亦即为译事榜样；故信达而外,求其尔
35、雅；此不仅期以行远已耳；实就精理微言；用汉以前字法句法,就为达易；用近世利俗文字,就求达难；往往抑义就词,毫厘千里；审择于斯二者之间,夫固有所不得已也；岂钓奇哉；. Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive, and elegant.It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no tr
36、anslation. Hence expressiveness should be required too. The Book of Changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if ones language lacks grace, it wont go far. These three qualities, then, are the c
37、riteria of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, I also aim at elegance. I strive for elegance not just to make my translations travel far, but to express the original writers ideas better, for I find that subtle thoughts are better expr
38、essed in the vocabulary and syntax of pre-Han prose than those of the vulgar writings of today. Using the latter often leads to distortion of meaning, which, however slight, results in vast misunderstanding. Weighing the pros and cons, I opted for the former, as a matter of necessity, not trying to
39、be different 7 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Yan Fu s first two criteria of being faithful to the original text in content and being expressive in translation are generally acceptable, but his interpretation of elegance has aroused plenty of criticism because, in his opini
40、on, one has to resort to the vocabulary and syntax of pre-Han prose to achieve elegance. Yan Fus criteria are also controversial for his emphasis on the equal status of the three conflicing principles. Despite this, Yan criteria are still popular in China, but the interpretation of his criteria has
41、changed. Nowadays to many translators, elegance implies the safe and sound preservation of the taste and shade of the original黄龙 , 1988:90 or 运用读者所最乐于接受的文体 , 使译文得以广泛流传,扩大影响 劳陇,翻译通讯 1983 年 第 10 期. 2. 鲁迅信（faithfulness 顺（smoothness ？3. 林语堂 忠实 faithfulness 通顺smoothness 美beautifulness？翻译的标准问题, 大致包括三方面； 我
42、们可依三方面的次序争论；第一是忠实标准,其次是通顺标准,第三是美的标准；这翻译的三层标准,与严氏的 译事三 难,大体上是正相比符的；4. 傅雷:神似 resemblance in spirit？以成效而论, 文学 翻译应当像临画一样, 所求的不在形似而在神似； 高老头重译本序, 1951 5. 钱钟书 ：化境 reaching the acme of perfection？文学翻译的最高境域是 化,把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露诞生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全储存原有的风昧, 那就算得入于 化境 ；十七世纪有人赞扬这种造诣的翻译,比为原作的 投胎转世 the trans
43、migration of soul, 躯壳换了一个,而精神姿致依旧故我；换句话说,译本对原作应当忠实得以至于读起来不像译本,翻译似的； 林纾的翻译, 1964 6. 刘重德 ：信（ faithhlness）？达（ expressiveness）切（ closeness 8 由于作品在原文里绝不会读起来像经过名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 34 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 信于内容 to be faithful to the content of the original; 达如其分 to be as expressive as the origi
44、nal; 切合风格 to be as close to the original style as possible. 浑金璞玉集, 1994: 9 7. 许渊冲 ：三重标准three levels of criteria 翻译的艺术, 1984: 26 标准低标准中标准高标准内容忠实 信 明确精确精确三似 意似形似神似三化 浅化等化深化形式通顺 达 易懂通顺扬长雅,或传神 8. Alexander Fraser TytIer Translation 泰 特 勒 : Three Principles of Alexander F.Tytler, a famous British transla
45、tion theorist, put forward the classical criteria in his Essay on the Principles of Translation 1790: 1 The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work 译作应当完全传达原作的思想 ；2 The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with that of
46、 the original 译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一样 ；3 The translation should have all the ease of the original composition 译作应当和原作一样流畅 . Tytler further points out that the above-said three principles are arranged and ranked according to the order of their significance, and that, when they are not simultaneously attainable, the