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1、2014年寒假高一英语自主学习讲义（三）【基础知识训练】一、根据汉语意思或首字母提示用本单元单词的适当形式填空。1. Lisa made Toms secret known to all, which made him embarrassed（尴尬的）in public.be / feel embarrassed about 对感到尴尬的embarrass somebody with something 通过某事使某人难堪embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的embarrassment n. 窘迫，为难2. It seems that the manager is under a lo
2、t of pressure （压力）recently. be under pressure 处于压力之下，面临压力put pressure on somebody 对某人施压3. What are the differences between the systems （体制）of American and British government?4. The greatest change exercise has brought in her is that she feels energetic（精力充沛的）, healthy, confident and pretty.be energe
3、tic be full of energy5. I stayed out till approximately（大概）nine oclock, and then I came back.6. The harmful chemicals (化学物质) used in agriculture may damage our health.chemical adj. 化学的一家化工厂 a chemical plant / factory7. Jamie is very popular among women. What on earth makes him so attractive (有魅力的) t
4、o them?8. You look slimmer (更苗条的) than you were. How do you manage to lose so much weight?manage to do something = succeed in doing something 设法做成某事lose weight 减肥put on / gain weight 增加体重9. Mr. Smith is seriously ill and there seems to be little hope for him to recover (复原) soon.recover from 从中恢复过来r
5、ecover oneself 清醒过来,恢复常态recovery n. 恢复，痊愈10. More than thirty people were killed in the accident, including (包括) children and the old.注意比较：, including children and the old., children and the old included.二、同义转换1. Id like to inform you of the news that the manager will leave Tony take charge of the c
6、ompany after he retires. 2. We should have arrived here at 6:00, but we were late.should have done something 本来应该做某事3. On / Upon finishing his studies, he started travelling in China. on / upon ( doing ) something表示“一就”,相当于as soon as引导的时间状语从句。如：Ill tell him the news upon his arrival.表示“一就”有以下几种方式：on
7、 / upon (doing) somethingas soon as immediately / directly / instantlythe moment / the minute / the instantno soonerthan / hardlywhen如：Hardly had he got off the bus when he met an old friend.no sooner / hardly位于句首，主句要部分倒装。4. During the assembly I sat next to a girl whose name was Diana. 5. Lets get
8、something to eat, I am starving. 6. You have grown up so that you can make your own decision(s). 7. Any problem (that has something to do with teenagers mental health) deserves our attention. have something to do with与有关deserve attention / consideration值得注意deserve doing = deserve to be done 值得做如：The
9、y deserved rewarding. = They deserved to be rewarded.其他“值得做”的表达：be worth (doing) somethingbe worthy to be done / be worthy of being doneIt is worthwhile to do somethingIt is worthwhile doing something8. I am forbidden to surf the Internet at the weekend. fordid somebody to do / from doing something禁
10、止某人做某事forbid-forbade-forbidden9. The boy is so energetic as not to get tired.10. How do you think the lecture will affect (影响) the students.三、用方框里所给的短语的适当形式填空。1. You should go to the gym to work out (锻炼) regularly, or youll gain weight again.2. Some people never go on a diet (节食) until they find som
11、e serious problems resulting from their overweight.3. The question of wage increases came up (vi. 被提出) at the meeting yesterday.4. I cant concentrate on (全神贯注于) my work because Im very tired.5. The old man gets into shape (强身健体) by dancing every day.6. In the long term (从长远角度看), receiving a good edu
12、cation is very important.7. Its urgent (紧急的); please make a phone call to tell Lily about this in no time (立刻).8. As a matter of fact (实际上), it is unhealthy for them to spend all of their time on their studies. As the old saying goes, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”正如俗话说的那样，只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子
13、也变傻。9. My grandfathers last tooth fell out (脱落) this morning.10. It seemed hard for him to recover from (从复原) the bad injury after the accident.四、句子翻译1 集中注意力看我要做什么。（concentrate ones attention on）Concentrate your attention on what I am going to do.2 吃了那药后，他的头发就开始脱落。（fall out）His hair began to fall ou
14、t after he took the medicine.3 搬到杭州去从长远角度看对你更好。（in the long term）Moving to Hangzhou will be better for you in the long term.4 早晨坚持锻炼对身体有益。（work out）Keeping on working out in the morning is good for ones health.5 为了强身健体我一直进行锻炼。（get into shape）Ive been taking exercise to get into shape.【综合能力提升】一、单项填空1
15、-5 CBDAB 6-10 CABAA 11-15 CBBCA1. It is really a surprise to us all that Tom has made such / great progress in so short a time.surprise可做名词，基本用法如下： 1）表示“惊讶”时，是不可数名词。常用短语：in surprise 惊讶地；to ones surprise 让某人惊讶的是2）表示“令人惊讶的事务/意外之事”时，是可数名词。make much / great progress in .在.方面取得进步, progress是不可数名词。2. Its s
16、aid that the bodyguard of the singer, being on the spot (在现场) by accident (碰巧) that day, has become a key witness (关键的目击证人) in that robbery case and provided quite a few valuable clues.witness可以作名词,如：a witness to + n. .的目击者bear / give witness to + n. 为.作证也可以作动词，如：witness something目击某事3. The young co
17、uple have lived in harmony with (和谐相处) each other for years and they have never quarreled about anything.辨析：be in touch with somebody与某人有联系be in connection with与.相关be in contact with somebody与某人有联系4. -Anything else should we pay attention to if we go camping? -Nothing much. Just take a raincoat in c
18、ase (以防)it rains.复习：Just take a raincoat in case it rains.= Just take a raincoat in case of rain.辨析：as if 仿佛，好像even if即使，纵然so that以便，为了5. Come to me early tomorrow morning. If I am still sleeping, wake me up.6.Whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or on health than it does on your
19、 ability to have fun.解析：此处的it指的是“whether age is happy or unpleasant”; does指的是depends。7. Adrians hard work paid off (vi. 有回报，取得成功). He graduated with good grades and got into a top high school. He also achieved a lot in life outside school.辨析：pay off 作为及物动词，意为“还清”；作为不及物动词，意为“取得成功”pay back 及物动词，意为“偿还”
20、pay money for something “支付”pay out money“花费（通常是一大笔钱）”8. In Beijing Olympics, Michael Phelps swam into Olympic history, becoming the first athlete to win the most gold medals ever.当名词被first, second, last以及only等词修饰时，其后常用不定式作定语。如：He was the first person to come.他是第一个来的人。9. House prices are extremely h
21、igh in Beijing, making it hard for young people to move in and build their own families.解析：第8题和第9题中的V-ing都是现在分词作结果状语。如：Nature has provided Shangri-la with endless natural treasures, making the land a happy home for the local people. (M2U2 P32 Lines 32-33)10. Please fetch the bunch of purple flowers
22、and put it here, for purple flowers look more beautiful against (以为背景,映衬) a light yellow wall.11. Surround yourself with positive people and you will keep focused on what you can do instead of what you cant.解析: 此处考查的是句型“祈使句+and / or +一个简单句”如：Use your head and you will have a good idea.Work hard and
23、you will achieve success.12. - I wont be in for dinner tonight.- Well, I wish youd told me earlier.解析：句子的“youd told”是“you had told”,那么就是一个与过去相反的虚拟语气的考查。wish后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气, 意为“要是就好了”。翻译:我希望我的家乡能成为一个没有污染的城市。I wish that my hometown would become a city without pollution.对比：I hope that my hometown will be
24、come a city without pollution.13. Mr. Smiths neighbor reported seeing a stranger walking around the garden this morning.report doing 报告做了某事14. -Tom didnt work hard at school. -Youre right. He often runs after (追求) good-looking girls he meets.run across / runs into vt. 偶然碰见run out vi. 用完15. -Im afrai
25、d I am a man without luck. I have been trying and have always been turned away.- Things at the worst will mend （否极泰来）. Just have a little patience.Time and tide wait for no man.时间不等人。Fear always springs from ignorance.恐惧源于无知。Troubles never come singly.祸不单行。二、完形填空Butterflys wings在这篇短文中，一个好心人帮助一只正在破茧的
26、蝴蝶，结果最终却害了这只蝴蝶，从而昭示了一个深刻的人生哲理有时候我们生活中的努力奋斗正是我们所需要的。16.B 根据上下文意思，第二段的最后一句17.A 根据后面的“further”18.D 句意：因此他决定帮助它。根据后一句：他拿出剪刀剪开茧的剩余部分。19.C cut off剪下20.B句意：蝴蝶出来了。21.C根据上下文意思，第二段有提示。22.A 句意：继续观察蝴蝶的情况。23.B 句意：希望看到蝴蝶翅膀变大，足够支撑身体，这样就能飞起来了。24.D contract 有“缩小，紧缩”之意。25. D 26.A crawl爬行。27.D 句意：它永远不会飞。28.B 句意：那个人出于好
27、意匆忙之下所做的事情对蝴蝶没有任何好处。29.A restrict 约束，束缚。30.D require 需要，要求31.C 根据上下文意思，第一段第一句。32. D so that以便，为了33. D freedom 自由。从29到33的句意为：那个人并不知道，为了蝴蝶能从狭小的洞口处出来所需要的束缚和挣扎是一种自然的方法，迫使蝴蝶体内的液体流向翅膀，以便它一旦离开茧，获得自由就能做好飞翔的准备。34. B根据上下文意思，第二段有提示。35. C obstacles 障碍。三、阅读理解第一篇：ACAIf you want to stay young, sit down and have a
28、good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exerciseand as a result, we are growing old unnecessarily soon.Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why quite healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing
29、 their ability to think and reason at a rather early age, and how the process of getting old could be slowed down.With a team of researchers at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring (开始测量) brain volumes (体积) of a thousand people of different ages with different jobs.Computer technology h
30、elped the researchers to get most exact measurements of the volume of the front and side parts of the brain, which have something to do with intellect and feelings, and decide the human character. As we all know, the back part of the brain, which controls tasks like eating and breathing, does not co
31、ntract with age.Contraction of front and side partsas cells die offwas seen in some people in their thirties, but it was still not found in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple way to prevent the contractionusing the head.The findings show that c
32、ontraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those with least possibility, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White-collar workers doing the same work day after day in government offices are, however, as likely to have con
33、tracting brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.第一篇：ACA第二篇：DCABDear Editor,When a new school term is about to begin, perhaps we should reconsider the matter of examinations. In July, two writers praised the cancellation of exams because they believe “Tests dont tell the whole story
34、”. As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student, and that a students final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the years work. Of course there are exceptions, but they do not have the frequency th
35、at would give an unfair picture of a students ability. The simple fact is that proper class work, diligent exam studies, and good marks are almost certain indications of a students future performance. The opposite is, almost certainly, incompetence - lacking the skill and ability to do a job success
36、fully.There is no acceptable replacement for competition of quality. How can teachers and future officials determine what a student has learned and remembered? Should we simply take the students mark for it? Any institution that “liberates” students from fair and formal exams is misleading, if not i
37、gnorant, and surely the “graduates” of such institutions will lack trustworthiness, not to mention being rejected by foreign universities for graduates or other studies.When all is said and done, I sense (察觉) that a fear of failure and a fear of unpleasant comparison with others are at the bottom of
38、 most of ban-exam talks. Excellence and quality fear nothing. On the contrary, they seek competition and desire the satisfaction of being the best.Id like you to consider my opinion and give some guidance.Yours truly,Li Hong第二篇：DCAB第三篇：CDACAccording to a study by SallieMae, 84 percent of undergradua
39、te students have credit cards, and by the time they are seniors, they have accumulated(积累) US4,100 in debt(负债), on top of whatever student loans they may have taken out.Credit cards are the most convenient form of payment, and they are aggressively marketed to college students. Reportedly, a typical
40、 college student carries 4.6 credit cards and US3,173 in credit card debt.Credit cards seem to be a fact of life, not just student life. In the long term, using a credit card properly and paying off the balance can help establish a card history and increase your credit score, which will come in hand
41、y when you need an important loan, for a house or car, for example. Your credit score can affect even unrelated things like insurance rates. Credit cards also offer more protection for users than debit cards（借记卡）.Under federal law, the credit card holder is only responsible for the first US50 in fra
42、udulent（欺诈的）purchases in cases of theft or loss. However, debit card users are responsible for the first US500.SallieMae found some good news in the fact that two thirds of students had discussed credit issues with their parents, but 84 percent said they needed more information. Those who didnt get
43、any guidance were more likely to be surprised when they found out how much they owed.While credit cards offer the easiest access to money, they make it easy to live outside your means. Less than a fifth of students surveyed paid off their balance every month, and carrying a balance brings finance ch
44、arges, sometimes at a very high interest rates.SallieMae found that almost 40 percent of students chose their first credit card based on direct mail, which is probably why students get credit card offers in the mail. But when the credit card offers flow in, be sure that you read the fine print. Offe
45、rs of low or no interest rates can disappear, leaving you a debt that climbs beyond your ability to pay it off. 第三篇：CDAC第四篇：ABDBWhen Josephine Cooper was growing up, she learned the importance of charity from her parents. Although they made a modest living for their family of 10, they insisted on sh
46、aring with those less fortunate.Half a century later, Mrs. Cooper became a beloved volunteer at the San Diego Food Bank, where she devoted herself to helping others. She organized and ran a distribution center from a church, helping it become the organizations largest emergency food distribution cen
47、ter in San Diego. She was one of 25 outstanding senior volunteers in the nation selected and invited to Washington D.C. to receive the award.She was the main person who helped us make that program grow,” said Mike Doody, former director of the Food Bank. “She had a way of getting people to work together and to work hard. She was determined and stubborn, but in a good way. She had a good heart.” People knew her as “Grandma” because of her selflessness and her devotion to helping hungry children and families. “She reminded people of their Grandma.” Doody said.As a widow with a young child in