《2022年2019年高考化学二轮复习知识点概括：化学基本理论知识归纳 .pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年2019年高考化学二轮复习知识点概括：化学基本理论知识归纳 .pdf（8页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、1 化学基本理论知识归纳(一)物质结构与元素周期律常考点归纳1.核外电子总数为 10 的微粒有分子(5 种)：Ne、HF、H2O、NH3、CH4阳离子(5 种)：Na、Mg2、Al3、NH4、H3O阴离子(5 种)：F、O2、N3、OH、NH22.核外电子数为 18 的微粒有分子：Ar、HCl、H2S、PH3、SiH4、H2O2、N2H4、C2H6阳离子：K、Ca2阴离子：Cl、S2、HS、O223.半径比较：先看层数后看质子数再看最外层电子数，电子层结构相同的离子半径随核电荷数的增大而减小，如：r(S2)r(Cl)r(K)r(Ca2)。4.周期序数核外电子层数(共有 7 个周期，要记住前六周
2、期每个周期元素的种数分别为2、8、8、18、18、32)。5.Fe 是 26 号元素，位于第四周期第族(第 8 列，第 8、9、10 三列称为第族)。6.超铀元素：指 92 号元素铀(U)以后的元素。7.过渡金属包括B族到B 族 10 个纵行中的所有元素，全部都是金属元素，且最外层都是12 个电子。8.镧系元素在第六周期、锕系元素在第七周期，它们都在第 3 列(即第B 族)。9.元素的非金属性越强，元素所对应的氢化物越稳定，元素最高价氧化物所对应的水化物的酸性越强。2 10.元素的金属性越强，它的单质与水或酸反应越剧烈，元素最高价氧化物所对应的水化物的碱性也越强。11.判断下列说法是否正确，正
3、确的打“”，错误的打“”。(1)双原子分子的共价键一定是非极性键()(2)非金属元素原子不可能形成离子化合物()(3)三氯化硼分子中，B原子最外层满足了8 电子结构()(4)A 族元素的金属性一定比同周期的A的强()(5)非金属性强弱顺序是FON，所以在一定条件下，氟气能置换水中的氧，氧气也能置换出氨中的氮()(6)第三周期元素的离子半径从左至右逐渐减小()(7)同周期非金属氧化物对应的水化物的酸性从左到右依次增强()(8)按照元素周期表的排布规律，非金属元素最多有23 种()(二)化学反应速率与化学平衡常考点归纳1.化学平衡常数的意义和应用化学平衡常数可表示反应进行的程度，K越大，反应进行的
4、程度越大，当K105时，可以认为该反应已经进行完全。虽然转化率也能表示反应进行的限度，但转化率不仅与温度有关，而且与起始条件有关。K的大小只与温度有关，而与反应物或生成物起始浓度的大小无关。(1)不要把反应体系中纯固体、纯液体以及稀水溶液中水的浓度写进化学平衡常数表达式中。如：CaCO3(s)CaO(s)CO2(g)Kc(CO2)Cr2O27(aq)H2O(l)2CrO24(aq)2H(aq)Kc2CrO24c2HcCr2O27但在非水溶液中的反应，若有水参加或生成，则此时水的浓度不可视为常数，应写进化学平衡常数表达式中。如：文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M
5、10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2
6、C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码
7、:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9
8、T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S
9、1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z
10、1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J
11、3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C13 C2H5OH(l)CH3COOH(l)浓硫酸CH3COOC2H5(l)H2O(l)KcCH3COOC2H5cH2OcC2H5OHcCH3COOH(2)同一化学反应，方程式写法不同，其平衡常数表达式及数值亦不同。如：N2O4(g)2N
12、O2(g)Kc2NO2cN2O412N2O4(g)NO2(g)K21224(NO)(N O)ccKK22NO2(g)N2O4(g)KcN2O4c2NO21K(3)可逆反应进行到某时刻(包括化学平衡)时，生成物浓度幂之积与反应物浓度幂之积的比值称为浓度商(Q)。则当QK时说明反应达到平衡状态，当QK时说明反应在向逆反应方向进行。2.判断下列说法是否正确，正确的打“”，错误的打“”(1)在恒温条件下，增大压强，化学反应速率一定加快()(2)正反应为吸热反应的可逆反应达到平衡时，升高温度，正反应速率增大，逆反应速率减小，平衡向正反应方向移动()(3)加入催化剂加快了反应速率，改变了反应吸收或放出的热
13、量()(4)同一反应，在相同时间间隔内，用不同物质表示的反应速率，其数值和意义都不一定相同()(5)5 molL1s1的反应速率一定比1 molL1s1的反应速率大()(6)正反应速率增大，平衡向正反应方向移动()(7)在恒容条件下，有两个平衡体系：A(g)2B(g)、2A(g)B(g)，文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3
14、 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M1
15、0Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C
16、1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:
17、CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T
18、4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1
19、 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1
20、L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C14 都增加 A的量，A、B转化率都变小()(8)在一定条件下，平衡向正反应方向移动，正反应速率变大()(9)在 FeCl33KSCNFe(SCN)33KCl 平衡体系中，加入KCl 固体，颜色变浅()(10)由温度或压强改变引起的平衡正向移动，反应物的转化率一定增大()(三)电解质溶液1.判断电解质的强弱的方法(1)在相同浓度、相同温度下，对强弱电解质做导电对比实验。(2)在相同浓度、相同温度下，比较反应速率的快慢。如将Zn粒投入到等浓度的盐酸和醋酸中，结果前者比后者反应快
21、。(3)浓度与 pH的关系。如 0.1 molL 1的醋酸溶液，其 pH1，即可证明 CH3COOH 是弱电解质。(4)测定对应盐的酸碱性。如CH3COONa 溶液呈碱性，则证明CH3COOH是弱酸。(5)稀释前后的 pH与稀释倍数的变化关系。例如，将pH 2 的酸溶液稀释 100 倍，若 pHC6H5OH。2.关于盐溶液的蒸干、灼烧问题盐溶液蒸干后并灼烧，有的能得到原溶质，有的不能得到原溶质而转化成其他物质，有的得不到任何物质，其规律如下：(1)易水解的金属阳离子的挥发性强酸盐(氯化物或硝酸盐)得到氧化文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编
22、码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K
23、9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10
24、S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2
25、Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1
26、J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4
27、M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D
28、2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C15 物，如 FeCl3、AlCl3等。(2)阴、阳离子均易水解，其水解产物易挥发的盐蒸干后得不到任何物质，如(NH4)2S等。(3)不稳定的化合物水溶液，加热时在溶液中就能分解，也得不到原溶质，如 Ca(HCO3)2溶液蒸干后得到CaCO3；Mg(HCO3)
29、2溶液蒸干后得到Mg(OH)2。(4)易被氧化的物质，蒸干后得不到原溶质，如FeSO4、Na2SO3溶液等，蒸干后得到其氧化产物。(5)其他盐溶液蒸干后并灼烧成分一般不变。3.正误判断，正确的划“”，错误的划“”。(1)任何温度下，水溶液中c(H)和c(OH)的相对大小都可判断溶液的酸、碱性()(2)某醋酸溶液的pHa，将此溶液稀释1 倍后，溶液的pHb，则ab()(3)pH4 的醋酸加水稀释过程中，所有离子浓度都降低()(4)无论在酸溶液中还是碱溶液中，由水电离出的c(H)c(OH)()(5)某盐溶液呈酸性，一定是由水解引起的()(6)水解方程式都必须写“”()(7)沉淀转化只能是Ksp大的
30、沉淀转化为Ksp小的沉淀()(8)中和等体积、等 pH的盐酸和醋酸消耗的NaOH 的量相同()(9)用湿润的 pH试纸测得某溶液的pH3.4()(10)在 NaHCO3溶液中加入 NaOH，不会影响离子的种类()(11)在 NaHSO4溶液中，c(H)c(OH)c(SO24)()(12)0.1 molL1氨水中加入 CH3COONH4固体，cOHcNH3H2O比值变大()(13)用标准 NaOH溶液滴定未知浓度的CH3COOH 到终点时，c(Na)文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD
31、4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8
32、D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档
33、编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2
34、K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V1
35、0S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR
36、2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L
37、1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C16 c(CH3COO)()(14)室温时，向等体积pH a的盐酸和 pH b的 CH3COOH 中分别加入等量的氢氧化钠后，两溶液均呈中性，则ab()(15)常温下，等体积的盐酸和CH3COOH 的 pH相同，由水电离出的c(H)相同()(16)溶液均为 0.1 mol L 1的CH3COOH NH4Cl H2SO
38、4三种溶液中，由水电离出的c(H)：()(四)电化学原理常考点归纳1.原电池、电解池的区别(1)由化学方程式设计原电池、电解池要从能量的角度分析原电池：化学能转变为电能的装置，我们把能自发进行的氧化还原反应设计成原电池。电解池：电能转变为化学能的装置，只要是氧化还原反应(不论吸热还是放热)理论上均可设计成电解池。(2)从装置图的角度分析原电池：若无外接电源，可能是原电池，然后依据原电池的形成条件分析判定。电解池：若有外接电源，两极插入电解质溶液中，则可能是电解池或电镀池。当阳极金属与电解池溶液中的金属阳离子相同时则为电镀池，其余情况为电解池。2.电极的判断原电池和电解池电极的判断是解题的关键，
39、为了方便记忆，我们可采取口诀的方法记忆：原电池，正负极；电解池，阴阳极；失去电子负(原电池)阳(电解池)极，发生氧化定无疑。文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J
40、3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M
41、10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2
42、C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码
43、:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9
44、T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S
45、1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C17 还可以用谐音帮助记忆：阴得(阴德)阳失；
46、阳氧(痒痒)阴还。3.原电池、电解池的工作原理4.电解原理的应用(1)电镀：待镀件作阴极、镀层金属作阳极、镀层金属阳离子溶液作电镀液。(2)电解精炼铜：纯铜作阴极、粗铜作阳极、硫酸铜溶液作电解质溶液。5.金属(以铁为例)电化学腐蚀与防护(1)吸氧腐蚀电极反应：负极：Fe2e=Fe2；正极：O24e2H2O=4OH。(2)防护方法：原电池原理牺牲阳极的阴极保护法：与较活泼的金属相连，较活泼的金属作负极被腐蚀，被保护的金属作正极；电解池原理外加电流的阴极保护法：被保护的金属与原电池负极相连，形成电解池，作阴极。6.判断下列说法是否正确，正确的打“”，错误的打“”。(1)Cu2H=Cu2H2既可在原
47、电池中完成，也可在电解池中完成()(2)蓄电池充电时，标志着“”的电极应与电源的负极相连()(3)电解质溶液导电时不可能发生化学反应()(4)在铜锌原电池(Zn|H2SO4|Cu)中，硫酸根离子向正极移动；在电解(隋性电极)硫酸溶液时，硫酸根离子向阳极移动()(5)用隋性电极电解 MgCl2溶液时，阴极可能得到固体镁()文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V
48、10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 H
49、R2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8
50、L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 ZD4M10Y8D2C1文档编码:CA2K9T4V10S1 HR2Z1L8L1J3 Z