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1、 动词动词的的时态时态：时态时态是一种是一种语语言的手段，因言的手段，因语语言的不同而有区分。英言的不同而有区分。英语时态语时态以以动词动词形式形式变变更表示句中更表示句中谈谈到的到的动动作、状作、状态态的的时间时间关系和关系和说话说话的的时间时间。一般一般现现在在时时的用法的用法 表示常常性或表示常常性或习惯习惯性的性的动动作或存在的状作或存在的状态态，常与表示，常与表示频频度度的的时间时间状状语连语连用。用。every,sometimes,often,usually,on Sundayevery,sometimes,often,usually,on Sunday I leave home
2、for school at 7 every morning.I leave home for school at 7 every morning.He is alone.He is alone.2)2)客客观观真理，客真理，客观观存在，科学事存在，科学事实实。The earth moves around the sun.The earth moves around the sun.留意：此用法假如出留意：此用法假如出现现在在宾语宾语从句中，即使主句是从句中，即使主句是过过去去时时，从句，从句谓语谓语也要用一般也要用一般现现在在时时。例如：例如：Columbus proved that the
3、earth is round.Columbus proved that the earth is round.3)3)表示格言或警句中。表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.Pride goes before a fall.骄骄者必者必败败。4)4)表表现现在的状在的状态态、实实力、性格、特性。力、性格、特性。I dont want so much.I dont want so much.。Ann writes good English but does not speak well.Ann writes good English but does not spe
4、ak well.I like singing.I like singing.He believes he can achieve his goal one day.He believes he can achieve his goal one day.5)5)用在以（用在以（if,unless,before,as soon as,when,once,if,unless,before,as soon as,when,once,the more-the more)the more-the more)引引导导的的时间时间和条件状和条件状语语从句中表从句中表将来将来 Ill participate i
5、n the game if it doesnt rain.Ill participate in the game if it doesnt rain.Ill let him know as soon as he comes.Ill let him know as soon as he comes.The more he studies hard,the more progress he will The more he studies hard,the more progress he will make.make.有有时为时为了了强强调动调动作的完成，有些作的完成，有些动词动词也可用也可用现
6、现在完成在完成时时。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.When you have finished your homework,you can play When you have finished your homework,you can play for a while.for a while.6)依据依据时时刻表的支配将要刻表的支配将要发发生的事生的事务务，日程一般不行，日程一般不行变变更，更，语语气比气比较较确定，常用的确定，常用的动词动词有：有：ar
7、rive,leave,come,go,open,close,return,start,begin,end,stop等。等。The trains arrives at 18:40.The shop opens at 8 a.m and closes at 11.pm.7)以以 here 或或 there 开开头头的句子，的句子，说说明正在明正在发发生的生的动动作，作，谓语动词谓语动词不用不用现现在在进进行行时时，而用一般，而用一般现现在在时时。Get it ready.Here comes a bus.Look!There flies a kite in the sky.8)Make sure,
8、see to it that，be sure,take care,make certain,后接从句，常用一般后接从句，常用一般现现在在时时代替将来代替将来时时。Make sure all the windows are closed before you leave.Be sure you finish it today.See to it that the door is locked before you go out.一般一般过过去去时时的用法的用法 1 1）在）在确定的确定的过过去去时间时间里所里所发发生的生的动动作或存在的状作或存在的状态态。时间时间状状语语有：有：yesterda
9、y,last week,an hour ago,yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982 the other day,in 1982 I I stayedstayed up last night,for I up last night,for I hadhad a lot of a lot of homework to do.homework to do.Where Where diddid you you gogo just now?just now?2 2）表示在）表示在过过去一段去一段时间时间内，常常性或内，常常性或习惯习
10、惯性的性的动动作。作。When I was a child,I often played football in the street.When I was a child,I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.were given a warm welcome.3 3）有）有时过时过去的去的时间隐时间隐含在情景
11、里含在情景里 I hardly recognized you,Marry.I hardly recognized you,Marry.I didnt know you were coming.I didnt know you were coming.Why didnt you think of that?Why didnt you think of that?I didnt notice it.I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you that I had been with my brother before.I forgot to tell you th
12、at I had been with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.I didnt recognize him.4)4)用于代替用于代替过过去完成去完成时时：由于由于after,before,untilafter,before,until等等连连接接已已说说明白复合句中两个明白复合句中两个动词动词所表示所表示动动作的先后，可以用一作的先后，可以用一般般过过去去时时代替。例如：代替。例如：After he(had)finished reading the newspaper,he handed it to me.After he(had)fini
13、shed reading the newspaper,he handed it to me.I hadnt understood(understood)the problem until he explained I hadnt understood(understood)the problem until he explained it.it.4)4)用在一些句型里：用在一些句型里：It is time you went to bed.It is time you went to bed.I wish I were a bird.I wish I were a bird.Id rather
14、you came tomorrow.Id rather you came tomorrow.4)4)用在一些句型里：用在一些句型里：It is time you It is time you wentwent to bed.to bed.I wish I I wish I werewere a bird.a bird.Id rather you Id rather you camecame tomorrow.tomorrow.比比较较：一般一般过过去去时时表示的表示的动动作或状作或状态态都已成都已成为过为过去，去，现现已不复存在已不复存在。Mrs.Darby Mrs.Darby livedli
15、ved in Kentucky for seven years.in Kentucky for seven years.Mrs.Darby Mrs.Darby has livedhas lived in Kentucky for seven in Kentucky for seven years.years.(含含义义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)(含含义义：现现在在还还住在肯塔基州，有可能指住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚刚离去离去)一般将来一般将来时时1)1)表示将来的表示将来的动动作或状作或状态态，常用，常用will/shall+will/shall+动词动词 时
16、间时间状状语语有：有：tomorrowtomorrow，next week next week 等等。等等。Ill go to your city tomorrow.Ill go to your city tomorrow.2)be doing2)be doing，表支配的将来，但，表支配的将来，但语语气不及一般气不及一般现现在在时时确定，确定，支配可以支配可以变变更，常用更，常用动词动词有：有：go,come,leave,arrivego,come,leave,arrive等。等。He is leaving for America on business next month.He is l
17、eaving for America on business next month.3)be going to do3)be going to do，表示将来。，表示将来。a.a.主主语语的准的准备备、意、意图图，即将做某事。，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?What are you going to do tomorrow?b.b.表示表示“预预料料”，说说明有迹象要明有迹象要发发生的事生的事 Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.Look at the dark clouds
18、,there is going to be a storm.4)be to do4)be to do表将来，按支配或正式支配将表将来，按支配或正式支配将发发生生的事，或表示要求、吩咐做某事的事，或表示要求、吩咐做某事,在在if if引引导导的条的条件从句中，表示一种愿望。件从句中，表示一种愿望。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.We are to discuss the report next Saturday.You are to finish the work by Friday.You are to finish the work by
19、 Friday.If you are to succeed,you must work hard.If you are to succeed,you must work hard.5)be about to do5)be about to do，意，意为为立刻做某事。立刻做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.He is about to leave for Beijing.留意：留意：be about to be about to 不能与不能与tomorrow,next tomorrow,next week week 等表示明确将来等表示明确将来时时的的时间
20、时间状状语连语连用。用。2.be going to/will2.be going to/will的区分：的区分：用于条件句用于条件句时时，be going tobe going to表将来表将来 will will表意愿表意愿If you are going to make a journey,youd better get If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will tak
21、e off your clothes,we will fit the Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.new clothes on you in front of the mirror.3.be to3.be to和和be going to be going to be to be to 表示客表示客观观支配或受人指示而做某事。支配或受人指示而做某事。be going to be going to 表示主表示主观观的准的准备备或支配。或
22、支配。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客客观观支配支配)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主主观观支配支配)现现在在进进行行时时 现现在在进进行行时时的基本用法：的基本用法：a.a.表示表示现阶现阶段或目前正段或目前正进进行的行的动动作。作。We are waiting for you.We are waiting
23、for you.Mr.Green is writing another novel this month.Mr.Green is writing another novel this month.(说话时说话时并未在写，只并未在写，只处处于写作的状于写作的状态态。)b.b.表示表示渐变渐变的的动词动词有：有：get,grow,become,turn,get,grow,become,turn,run,go,beginrun,go,begin等。等。The leaves are turning red.The leaves are turning red.Its getting warmer an
24、d warmer.Its getting warmer and warmer.c.c.与与always,constantly,forever always,constantly,forever 等等词连词连用，表示用，表示反复反复发发生的生的动动作或持作或持续续存在的状存在的状态态，往往，往往带带有有说说话话人的主人的主观观色色调调。You are always changing your mind.You are always changing your mind.典型例题：I dont really work here;I _out untilthe new sectary arrives
25、.just help B.will just helpam just helping D.just helped 从第一句可知，我并不是真的在这里工作，由此推断我只是临时在帮忙始终到新秘书到来为止。所以它表示现阶段正在进行的动作。故C为正确答案。过过去去进进行行时时 过过去去进进行行时时表示表示过过去某一去某一时时刻或某刻或某时时段段正在正在进进行的行的动动作。作。这这一特定的一特定的时间时间可用可用时时间间状状语连语连用。如：用。如：at that time;at 8 at that time;at 8 oclock last night;this time yesterday;oclock
26、 last night;this time yesterday;whenwhen也可用上下示意。也可用上下示意。I was having breakfast at 7:30 this I was having breakfast at 7:30 this morning.morning.They were having a discussion the whole They were having a discussion the whole morning yesterday.morning yesterday.典型例题：-“Sorry to have interrupt you,pleas
27、e go on.”-Where was I?-“You _you didnt like your fathers job.”A.had said B.said C.were saying D.had been saying 留意：与always,constantly 等频度副词连用表达在过去一个临时的时间段内反复进行的事情或表达某种感情色调。例如：During the period of recent terrorist activities,people _ not to touch any unattended bag (09 上海）A had always been warned B.w
28、ere always being warned C.are always warning D.always warnedC CB 过过去去将将来来时时：表表示示过过去去某某一一时时刻刻以以后后将将发发生生的的动动作作和和状状态态，常常用用在在宾宾语语从句中。如：从句中。如：Yesterday Yesterday we we decided decided that that we we should goshould go to Shanghai next week.to Shanghai next week.She She said said she she would would wait
29、wait for for me me at at the school gate.the school gate.现现在完成在完成时时 构成：构成：have(has)+have(has)+过过去分去分词词。现现在完成在完成时时常与一些常与一些时间时间状状语连语连用用,如：如：already;yet;by this time;just;ever;already;yet;by this time;just;ever;never;now;before;recently;latelynever;now;before;recently;lately ;-;-timestimes等。等。1)1)表示表示动
30、动作作发发生在生在过过去，但去，但对现对现在有影响。如：在有影响。如：I have just come back from America.I have just come back from America.He has already posted my letter.He has already posted my letter.2)2)表示表示动动作或状作或状态态自自过过去某一去某一时间时间起先，持起先，持续续到到现现在，常与在，常与sincesince，for,so far,up till now,for,so far,up till now,in/during/for the pa
31、st(last)few years,in/during/for the past(last)few years,等等连连用。用。如：如：He has been ill since last month.He has been ill since last month.Her father has been dead for ten years.Her father has been dead for ten years.留意：含有瞬留意：含有瞬间间意意义义的的动词动词如如join,die,join,die,leave,receive,buy arriveleave,receive,buy ar
32、rive等，不能与表示一段等，不能与表示一段时时间间的状的状语连语连用，用，例如：例如：He has joined the Army for 5 years ()He has joined the Army for 5 years ()He has been in the Army for 5 years.()He has been in the Army for 5 years.()It is/has been 5 years since he joined the Army.()It is/has been 5 years since he joined the Army.()I have
33、 received his letter for a month.I have received his letter for a month.（）I havent received his letter for almost a month.I havent received his letter for almost a month.（）留意：非持留意：非持续续性性动词动词的否定形式可以与表示持的否定形式可以与表示持续时间续时间的状的状语连语连用。即用。即动动作不作不发发生的状生的状态态是可以持是可以持续续的。的。用于用于现现在完成在完成时时的句型的句型 1 1）It is the fir
34、st/second timeIt is the first/second time.the only-that.the only-that结结构中构中的从句部分，用的从句部分，用现现在完成在完成时时。It It is is the first time that I the first time that I have visitedhave visited the city.the city.It It waswas the third time that the boy the third time that the boy had beenhad been late.late.It is
35、 the only detective novel that I have ever read.It is the only detective novel that I have ever read.2 2）This is theThis is the that that结结构，构，that that 从句要用从句要用现现在完成在完成时时.This is the This is the bestbest film that film that Ive(ever)seenIve(ever)seen.这这是我看是我看过过的最好的的最好的电电影。影。This is the This is the
36、firstfirst time(that)time(that)Ive heardIve heard him sing.him sing.这这是我第一次听他唱歌。是我第一次听他唱歌。过过去完成去完成时时 构成构成:had+:had+过过去分去分词词 1)1)表示表示动动作或状作或状态发态发生在生在过过去某一去某一时时刻或刻或动动作之作之前，即前，即“过过去的去的过过去去”。在。在过过去不同去不同时间发时间发生的两生的两个个动动作中，作中，发发生在先，用生在先，用过过去完成去完成时时；发发生在后，生在后，用一般用一般过过去去时时。When the police arrived,the thieve
37、s When the police arrived,the thieves had runhad run away.away.The train The train had lefthad left before I got to the station.before I got to the station.2)2)表示意向的表示意向的动词动词，如，如hope,wish,expect,think,hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,supposeintend,mean,suppose等，用等，用过过去完成去完成时时表示表示 原原本本，未能，未能“We We
38、had hopedhad hoped that you would come,but you that you would come,but you didnt.didnt.3)3)过过去完成去完成时时的的时间时间状状语语before,by the end of,before,by the end of,by the time,until,whenby the time,until,when。He said that he had learned some English He said that he had learned some English before.before.By the
39、 time he was twelve,Edison had began By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.to make a living by himself.留意：留意：no sooner than;hardly-when no sooner than;hardly-when刚刚 就就 No sooner had he bought the car than he sold it No sooner had he bought the car than he sold it Har
40、dly had he arrived at the station when the Hardly had he arrived at the station when the telephone rang.telephone rang.现现在在完完成成进进行行时时：表表示示从从过过去去的的某某一一时时刻刻始始，始始终终持持续续到到现现在在的的动动作作。强强调调持持续过续过程。如：程。如：He He has has been been working working at at the the school school for for 30 30 years.years.他他始始终终在在这这
41、个个学学校校工工作作了三十年。了三十年。过过去去进进行行时时与一般与一般过过去去时时的比的比较较 过过去去进进行行时时表示表示过过去正在去正在进进行的行的动动作，而一般作，而一般过过去去时时表示一表示一个已个已经经完成的完成的动动作。作。He was writing a book last year.(He was writing a book last year.(表示此表示此书书可能尚未写成）可能尚未写成）He wrote a book last year He wrote a book last year。.(.(表示此表示此书书已已经经写完）写完）比比较过较过去去时时与与现现在完成在完
42、成时时1 1）过过去去时时表示表示过过去某去某时发时发生的生的动动作或作或单纯单纯叙述叙述过过去的事情，去的事情，强强调过调过去去动动作已完成；作已完成；现现在完成在完成时为过时为过去去发发生的，生的，强强调过调过去的去的事情事情对现对现在的影响，在的影响，强强调调的是影响。的是影响。2 2）过过去去时时常与具体的常与具体的时间时间状状语连语连用，而用，而现现在完成在完成时时通常与模糊通常与模糊的的时间时间状状语连语连用，或无用，或无时间时间状状语语。一般一般过过去去时时的的时间时间状状语语:yesterday,last weekyesterday,last week，ago,in 1980,
43、in October,just now,ago,in 1980,in October,just now,具体的具体的时间时间状状语语共同的共同的时间时间状状语语:this morning,tonight,this April,now,oncethis morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,before,already,recentlyrecently，latelylately现现在完成在完成时时的的时间时间状状语语for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,f
44、or,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,in past years,always,不确定的不确定的时间时间状状语语 3 3）现现在完成在完成时时可表示持可表示持续续到到现现在的在的动动作或状作或状态态，动词动词一般一般是持是持续续性的，如性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过过去去时时常用的非持常用的非持续续性性动词动词,有有come,go,leave,start,come,g
45、o,leave,start,die,finish,become,get marrieddie,finish,become,get married等。等。举举例：例：I saw this film yesterday.I saw this film yesterday.（强强调调看的看的动动作作发发生生过过了。）了。）I have seen this film.I have seen this film.（强强调对现调对现在的影响，在的影响，电电影的内容已影的内容已经经知道了。）知道了。）They have worked together for ten years They have work
46、ed together for ten years (可能仍在合作，也可能可能仍在合作，也可能刚刚结刚刚结束合作）束合作）They worked together for ten years.They worked together for ten years.(过过去曾一起合作，但去曾一起合作，但现现在已不在一起工作）在已不在一起工作）现现在完成在完成进进行行时时和和现现在完成在完成时时的比的比较较 现现在在完完成成时时着着眼眼于于过过去去发发生生或或起起先先的的动动作作与与现现在在的的联联系系，而而现现在在完完成成进进行行时时则则着着眼眼于于现现在在以以前一段前一段时间时间内内动动作始作始
47、终终在在进进行的行的过过程本身。程本身。I I have have been been reading reading the the book book for for the the whole whole day.day.我成天始我成天始终终在在读这读这本本书书。（始（始终终不停地不停地读读，没有，没有说说明是否明是否读读完。）完。）I have read the book.I have read the book.我我读过这读过这本本书书了。了。（说说明明读过读过或或读读完了。）完了。）将来进行时：表示将来某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作或者依据支配要做的事情。如：At this time
48、 tomorrow we shall be waiting for you here.明天这个时候，我们在这儿等你。将将来来完完成成时时：表表示示将将来来某某一一时时刻刻之前已之前已经经完成的完成的动动作。作。如如：When When you you come come tonight tonight at at 8 8 o oclock,clock,I I shall shall have have reviewedreviewed ten ten lessons.lessons.你你今今晚晚十十点点回回来来时时，我我已已复复习习完十完十课书课书。ThePassiveVoice 被被动语态动
49、语态 动词语态动词语态的的时态时态体体现现：1.Bananas aregrown in Hainan.(海南种植香焦。）海南种植香焦。）2.Many more trees willbeplanted in our school next year.（我我们们学校明年将种更多的学校明年将种更多的树树。）。）3.Were the trees planted by him.这这些些树树是他种的是他种的吗吗？4.Young trees must be looked after.(必需照看好小必需照看好小树树）5.Thebuildingisbeingbuilt.(那那栋栋楼房正在建楼房正在建设设中。）中
50、。）6.Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedyet.（家作已（家作已经经做完了。）做完了。）1.HeteachesEnglishinourschool.Englishistaughtinourschoolbyhim.语态转换语态转换宾宾提前提前变变主，主主，主变变介介byby宾宾，被，被动动bebe加加done,done,时态时态看主看主动动2.Weplantedmanytreeslastyears.Manytrees wereplanted byuslastyear.过过去去时时的被的被动语态动语态：was/were+P.P3.Weshouldplantmanymoretre