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1、1 选修五部分第一章认识有机化合物第一节有机化合物的分类一、有机物和无机物的区分有机物的含义1、旧义：含碳元素的化合物碳的氧化物、碳酸以及碳酸盐金属碳化物、氰化物除外2、新义：以碳原子为主要骨架的化合物二、有机物的分类1、按碳原子骨架区分1）链状化合物：分子中碳原子连接成链例如：丁烷 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3、乙醇 CH3-CH2-OH、乙酸 CH3-COOH 等2）环状化合物：分子中碳原子连接成环a、脂环化合物：如环己烷、环戊烷，分子中不含有苯环b、芳香化合物：如苯、苯甲酸分子中只含有一个苯环2、按官能团分类1）官能团：决定化合物特殊性质的原子或原子团2）烃：只含有碳、氢元素的有机化合
2、物，如：烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、芳香烃3）烃的衍生物：烃分子里的氢原子被其他原子或原子团所取代而形成的一系列新的化合物a、卤代烃：烃分子中的氢原子被卤族原子取代而形成的化合物b、烃的含氧衍生物：烃分子中的氢原子被含氧原子的官能团所取代而形成的化合物4）常见的官能团*碳碳双键羟基OH 酯基碳碳三键醛基醚键卤族原子Cl 羧基羰基2 5）官能团和根(离子)、基的区别*a、基与官能团基：有机物分子里含有的原子或原子团。官能团：决定化合物特殊性质的原子或原子团。两者的关系：“官能团”属于“基”,但“基”不一定是“官能团”。b、基与根类别基根实例羟基氢氧根区别电子式电性电中性带一个单位负电荷存在有机化合物无机化
3、合物电子数9 10 6）常见有机物的主要类别、官能团和代表物质*文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6
4、F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8
5、H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL
6、7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9
7、T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7
8、Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:
9、CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z8文档编码:CL7V4O3J6P2 HX9T6F4U10U3 ZL7Q8H7X5Z83 第二节有机化合物的结构特点一、有机化合物中碳原子的成键特点1、碳原子有 4 个价电子，能与其他原子形成4 个共价键，碳碳之间的结合方式有单键、双键或三键；多个碳原子之间可以相互形成长短不一的碳链和
10、碳环，碳链和碳环也可以相互结合，所以有机物结构复杂，数量庞大。2、单键甲烷的分子结构CH4分子中 1 个碳原子与 4 个氢原子形成 4 个共价键，构成以碳原子为中心、4 个氢原子位于四个顶点的正四面体结构甲烷的电子式甲烷的结构式甲烷分子结构示意图在甲烷分子中，4 个碳氢键是等同的，碳原子的 4 个价键之间的夹角(键角)彼此相等，都是10928。4 个碳氢键的键长都是1.091010 m。经测定，CH 键的键能是 413.4 kJmol13、不饱和键1）不饱和键：未与其他原子形成共价键的电子对，常见有双键、三键2）不饱和度：与烷烃相比，碳原子缺少碳氢单键的程度也可理解为缺氢程度3）不饱和度（）计
11、算*a、烃 CxHy的不饱和度的计算2y2x2与碳原子以单键直连的卤族原子或无碳基视为氢原子文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4
12、G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O
13、9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z1
14、0R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:C
15、R4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM
16、4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4
17、Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O14 b、根据结构计算一个双键或环相当于一个不饱和度一个三键相当于两个不饱和度一个碳氧双键相当于一个不饱和度二、有机化合物的同分异构现象1、同分异构化合物具有相同的分子式，但
18、具有不同的结构的现象叫做同分异构。具有同分异构现象的化合物互称为同分异构体。它是有机物种类繁多的重要原因之一。同分异构体之间的转化是化学变化。同分异构体的特点是分子式相同，结构不同，性质不同2、同分异构的类别1）碳链异构：由于碳链骨架不同引起的同分异构书写方法（减碳法）：主链由长到短，支链由整到散，位置由心到边，苯环排布邻、间、对例如：C6H14的同分异构体书写注意：从母体取下的碳原子数不得多于母链所剩部分2）位置异构：由官能团位置不同引起的同分异构文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4
19、Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码
20、:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5
21、HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 Z
22、B4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档
23、编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M
24、5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8
25、 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O15 3）官能团异构：由于具有不同官能团引起的同分异构4）空间异构（手性异构）由于具有空间四面体结构、互为镜像引起的同分异构3、常见异类异构具有相同 C原子数的异类异构有：a、烯烃与环烷烃(CnH2n)b、炔烃、二烯烃和环烯烃(CnH2n-2)c、苯的同系物、二炔烃和四烯烃等(CnH2n-6)d、饱和一元醇和醚、烯醇和烯醚等(CnH2n+2O)e、饱和一元醛和酮、烯醛和烯酮等(CnH2nO)f、饱和一元羧酸、
26、饱和一元酯和饱和一元羟醛等(CnH2nO2)g、苯酚同系物、芳香醇和芳香醚(CnH2n-6O)h、氨基酸和硝基化合物(CnH2n+1NO2)三、有机化合物分子结构的表示方法1、有机物结构的各种表示方法种类实例含义化学式乙烯 C2H4、戊烷 C5H12用元素符号表示物质分子组成的式子，可反映出一个分子中原子的种类和数目最简式(实验式)乙烷 CH3、烯烃 CH2表示物质组成的各元素原子最简整数比的式子，由最简式可求最简式量电子式乙烯用“”或“”表示电子，表示分子中各原子最外层电子成键情况的式子球棍模型乙烯小球表示原子，短棍表示共价键，用于表示分子的空间结构(立体形状)文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M
27、5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8
28、 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1
29、文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M
30、6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2
31、B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2
32、O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K
33、8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O16 比例模型乙烯用不同体积的小球表示不同的原子大小，用于表示分子中各原子的相对大小及结合顺序结构式乙烯具有化学式所能表示的意义，能反映物质的结构；能完整地表示出有机物分子中每个原子的成键情况的式子，但不表示空间结构结构简式乙醇CH3CH2OH 结构式的简便写法，着重突出官能团键线式乙酸表示有机
34、化合物分子的结构，只要求表示出碳碳键以及与碳原子相连的基团，图式中的每个拐点和终点均表示一个碳原子书写结构简式时要注意：a、表示原子间形成单键的“”可以省略；b、CC、CC中的“”、“”不能省略，但是醛基、羧基则可进一步简写为 CHO、COOH。2、有机物分子共线共面1）共线需要碳碳三键，三键与其周围的原子形成共线结构2）共面需要碳碳双键，双键与其周围的原子形成共面结构3、同与不同“相同”的内容“不同”的内容适用范围同系物结构相似、化学性质相似、分子通式相同分子式不同、物理性质不完全相同有机物（化合物）同分异构体分子式相同结构不同，物理性质不完全相同，不同类时化学性质不同有机物（化合物）同素异
35、形体组成元素相同分子内原子个数不同、结构不同无机单质同位素质子数相同，化学性质相同中子数不同，质量数不同，物理性质有差别原子同种物质组成、结构、性质都相同分子式、结构式的形式及状态可能不同无机物或有机物文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10
36、R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR
37、4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4
38、O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z
39、10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:
40、CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 H
41、M4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O17 第三节有机化合物的命名一、链状有机物的命名1、烷烃的命名1
42、）烷基的认识烃分子失去一个氢原子所剩余的原子团叫做烃基。烷烃失去一个氢原子剩余的原子团就叫烷基，用“R”表示。2）烃基的同分异构碳数较多的烷烃，失去不同位置的氢原子所形成的烃基有所不同，呈现同分异构现象例如：丙烷失去末端碳原子上的氢（CH2CH2CH3），和中间碳原子上的氢原子所形成的的烃基（）不同3）烷烃的习惯命名法（普通命名法）根据分子里所含碳原子数目来命名。碳原子数在十以内的用甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸来表示；碳原子数在十以上的用数字来表示。戊烷的三种异构体，可用“正戊烷”、“异戊烷”、“新戊烷”来区别，这种命名方法叫习惯命名法。4）烷烃的系统命名法a、选主链选择包含碳原子数
43、最多的碳链作为主链，将支链视为H 原子，所得烷烃即为母体，碳链等长，要选支链多的为主链b、编序号，定支链以靠近支链的一端为起点，将主链中的碳原子用阿拉伯数字编号，以确定支链的位置，靠支链最近的一端开始编号；靠近简单支链的一端开始编号；从使各支链编号的和为最小的一端开始编号c、写名称在写名称时，需要使用短横线“”、逗号“，”等符号把支链的位置、支链的名称以及母体的名称等联系在一起。一般情况下，阿拉伯数字与中文文字之间用“”隔开；当具有几个相同的支链时，则将这些支链合并表示，在支链名称前加上“二”、“三”等表示支链的个数；表示支链位置的阿拉伯数字之间用“，”间隔开；若有多种支链，则按照支链由简到繁
44、的顺序先后列出。例：系统命名为：3,4,6 三甲基辛烷文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B
45、8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O
46、1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8
47、M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X
48、2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S
49、2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2
50、K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O1文档编码:CR4G2K8M6M5 HM4O9U8X2B8 ZB4Z10R4S2O18 2,4二甲基 3乙基己烷的结构式为2、烯烃、炔烃的系统命名烷烃相似，即坚持最长、最多、最近、最简、最小原则，但不同点是主链必须含有双键或三键1）选主链：选择包含双键或三键的最长碳链作主链，称为“某烯”或“某