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1、(Quality Assurance ; QA)(Quality Assurance ; QA) : JIS, KS A 3001 : JIS, KS A 3001 : = : : QA QA : MIL-Q-9858 2 2 70% 70% : system error 76% - : 10% - Spec : 16% - : 14% - : 36% ( ()-)-( ()-)-( () ) QAQA : : 2% : : 0.5% : ( () ) .( : , , ). (, ) . . , (地殼) . . , . ( () ) (, , ) . / . . . - - - 1. 1.
2、 = QC , , . 2. 2. : “ ” , (誤用) : 3. 3. : - 1. 1. , 2. 2. () 3. 3. 4. 4. , - : 試 作 N 1k (2 n)試作 . . , , () (改正) 2 2 : : : : , , , Q, Q (, KS) (製品認證, Product Certification) : TQCTQC : ISO 9000: ISO 9000 ISO 9001, 9002 9003 () 3 : QAQA : : , , : ISO : ISOISOISO : International Organization for Standard
3、ization : International Organization for Standardization 1. 2. 3. , TC 176 : TC 176 : -SC1,2-WG1,2,3ISO 9000ISO 9000 : MiL-Q-9858A ANSI/ASQC Z1-15BS 5750 : ISO 9000 ISO 9000 1 ()2 3 ISO 9000ISO 9000 . 3 . . . . . .ISO 9000ISO 9000 A/S A/S ISO 9000 : ISO 9001 : , , ISO 9002 : , ISO 9003 : ISO 9004 :
4、Road mapISOISOISOISOISO 9004 - 1ISO 9000 - 19001900290039000 - 2 4.1 4.1 4 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.48 4.5 4.5 5.3 ; 11.5 4.6 4.69 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 11.24.1; 4.2 ; 4.3 4.9 4.910 ; 114.4; 4.5 ; 4.8 4.10 4.1 128 4.11 4.11, 135 4.12 4.12 11.74.6 ; 4.7 4.13 4.13 144.9 4.14 4.14 155.4 4.15 4.15, , , 10.4;16.
5、1; 6.2 4.16 4.16 5.3 ;17.2;17.3 4.17 4.175.4 4.18 4.18, 18.1 4.19 4.1916.4 4.20 4.20 206197 : : () : ISO 9001 ISO 9002 : ISO 9001 I. I.1. 2. II.II.3. 4. 5. III.III.6. IV.IV.7. 8. 9. , , , , : 2/ , : 3 4.1 4.1 TQCTQC : - , , 4.1.1 4.1.1 - - Top : - : ?4.1.2 4.1.2 4.1.2.1 4.1.2.2 4.1.2.3 4.1.3 4.1.3 4
6、.5 4.5 : , 4.5.1 4.5.1 - , , . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2 4.5.2 - , , 4.17 4.17 1. 1. ? ?2. 2. ? ?3. 3. - - 4.18 4.18 1. 1. : 2. 2. : . : , . (OJT) : sample . , () : , . : sign . : sign ISO 9001, 9002, 9003 , . 1. 1. . 2. 2. ( ) / , . 3. 3. ( ) . A B ( : , ) C( : , ) , , ISO 9000 ISO 9000 ISO 9000
7、: - TQM : () - ISO 9000 ISO 9000 TQM :TQM : TQC ISO 9000ISO 9000 TQC TQC : :TQC () ISO 9000ISO 9000 : : 3 : : ISO 9000 3 ISO 9000ISO 9000 : : ISO 9000 ISO 9000 1. ISO 9000 2. .3. TQC/TQM .6 6 - - 24 24 18 18 - 8080 6 6 - 1987- 1987 = = 6 6 6 6 6 100 3,4 6 6 1 1 :0.1587 :0.15872 2 :0.0228 :0.02283 3
8、:0.00135 :0.001354 4 :0.0000315 :0.00003155 5 :0.000000285 :0.0000002856 6 :0.000000001 :0.00000000133 6 6 33 6 6 1010 3 3 1.51.52 27070 4 4 20 201 16 67 74545 5 5 1 15 57070 6 6 1 12 24 4 6 6 6 6 - (COQ) : 5%- : 30% /- AUDIT / 6 6 ? ?6 6 - (Defect Reduction)- (Yield Improvement)- (Improved Customer
9、 Satisfaction)- (Higher Net Income) - 6 .- .- .- . 6 6 6 6 ? ? What is six sigma? What is six sigma? 1. Statistical measurement1. Statistical measurement(, ) . , 2. Business Strategy2. Business Strategy , .3. Philosophy3. Philosophy , . (4)(4)- .- .- .- .- 10-25% .- ZERO 100 .- ZERO .- 5-10% , .6 6
10、- 5% - 3.4PPM - PROCESS - - - - - 99% - - 6- 6 4 4 (MAIC) (MAIC) - 6- 6 6 6 6 6 -MAIC-MAICMeasurement (Measurement () ) CTQ(Critical to Quality = ) 6 1) : ? 2) : , 3) : VOC (Voice of Customer) 4) : Analysis (Analysis () ) ( ) 1) : 2) : / 3) : 4) : Improvement (Improvement () ) 1) , Assign : 2) : ( )
11、 3) : , , 4) : , Control Control ( ( ) ) Control Control . . : , . 1) () : , , 2) : , , 3) : , 4) : , MAIC MAIC MAICMAIC 3 3 (1) (1) (2) (2) - - MAICMAIC 3 3 (3) (3) (Manufacturability)(Manufacturability) , , , , , , (Copyright 1988 Motorola, Inc. Used with permission of Motorola University Press, U
12、SA)6 6 Belt Belt 6 6 QC 7QC 7 1) : , 2) : 3) : 4) : 5) : , 6) : 7) : QC QC 7 7 1) (KJ) : 2) : ? 3) : ? ?4) : A B ? ?5) : ?6) PDPC() : ?7) ( ) : ? .QC TQC TQM , (), . ( ) () (),Get the factMAIC X X , - - 6 6 1. 1. - : ( ) ( ) 100 3.4 (脫)6 6 2. 2. - . 6 6 3. 3. - (bottom up power) : . - (top down) : .
13、 6 6 6 6 4. 4. = = - - : . - : .5. 5. - .- GE : . “ - : 6 6 6 6 6. 6. , , - . () - 6 6 6. 6. , , - ( ) : - ( 6 ) : - ( ) : - : - : 6 6 7. 7. - . ( - Air Academy Associates LLC : AAA)- . 6 6 Process Process C-S-IC-S-I C-S-I C-S-I C-S-I C-S-I C-S-IC-S-I Tool Tool -CHART -CHART - SOLVE - SOLVE - IMPLEM
14、ENT - IMPLEMENT 6 6 ( () ) 1. (Customer Expectation) (Customer Expectation) 2. Process Map Process Map 3. (Success criteria)(Success criteria) 4. (Total Defects-Per-Unit:TDPU)(Total Defects-Per-Unit:TDPU) 5. (Defects-Per-Million-(Defects-Per-Million- Opportunity :DPMO) Opportunity :DPMO) 6. DPMODPMO
15、 7. 8. ( ) , 6 6 1. .2. .3. (Process Capability)(Process Capability) .4. (Sigma)(Sigma) .5. , 25% .6. 6 , . . , . .(If We dont know, We cant act)(If We dont know, We cant act) , . , . , . . (Extent of Knowledge)(Extent of Knowledge) (Risk of Loss)(Risk of Loss) (Knowledge)(Knowledge) .6 6 6 6 ISSUEI
16、SSUE 6 6 %() () DATADATA DATADATA + DATA DATA SPECSPEC () SPECSPEC () + + BottomUpBottomUp TopDownTopDown , 6 6 CTQ(Critical To Quality)CTQ(Critical To Quality) / .) / = CTQ : , CTQ : , , D(Defect : D(Defect : ) ) , ) (Information) DO(Defect Opportunity : DO(Defect Opportunity : ) ) (Action) (Event)
17、 (Field) U(Unit:U(Unit:) ) (Opportunity) (Item) (Form) DPU(Defect Per Unit: DPU(Defect Per Unit: ) ) Unit Defect ) (Form) 10 (Field) 2(Field) : 2(Defects) / 1 Unit 2 DPU DPO(Defect Per Opportunity : DPO(Defect Per Opportunity : ) ) Unit Unit Defect .) (Form) 10 (Field) , 2 : 2 Defects/10 Opportunity or 0.20DPO DPMO(Defect Per Million Opportunity : DPMO(Defect Per Million Opportunity : ) )DPO 100 , ) 0.20 DPO 1,000,000 = 200,000 DPMO or 2.34