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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业英语语气( mood)英语有三种语气,即陈述语气、 祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用于陈述事实、提出看 法或问题等,祈使语气用于表示请求、命令或警告等,虚拟语气则表示假想或主观愿望。虚拟语气主要有以下几种用法:一、状语从句中的虚拟语气1. if 条件句状语从句的虚拟语气1)构成主句谓语条件从句的谓语与现在 事实相反过去式 (be 通常用 were)should(would,could,might)+ 动词原形与过去 事实相反过去完成时(had+过去分词should(would,could,might)+have+ 过去分词与将来 事实相反过去式 (be
2、通常用 were)should(would,could,might)+ 动词原形should+动词原形(表示可能性极小,常译为万一”)were to+动词原形(表示与将来事实相反的假设)注意:当条件从句使用“should动词原形这样的谓语时,主句谓语除可用“should(would, c ould, might)+ 动词原形 ”这样的虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气或祈使语气:If it should rain tomorrow, don et xpect me. 万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。 注: 主句谓语中的 should 主要用于第一人称后。 would, might, could 的大致区别
3、是: wo uld 表示结果, might 表示可能性, could 表示能力、允许或可能性。比较: 有时条件从句用would 表示愿意:If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他还愿意跟我过,我仍 会做他的妻子。 条件从句的谓语动词为 be时,不管其主语为单数还是复数通常都用were,但在口语或非正式文体中的单数第一人称和第三人称后,也可用was,不过在If I were you这样的表达中,通常还是以用 were为宜。 错综时间条件句 即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致, 如从句指过去, 而主句即指的是 现在或将来,
4、 此时应根据具体的语境情况, 结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话, 现在 地面就会是湿的。 条件从句用if I were时,既可指现在也可指过去。2) if 虚拟条件句的省略 省略连词 if从句中含有 were, should, had 时,可将条件从句的连词 if 省略,但此时应用倒装句型, 即将 were, should, had 提到句首:Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。I will go, shou
5、ld it be necessary. 假若有必要,我会去的。【注】 若条件从句为否定句,否定词 not 应置于主语之后,而不能与 were, should, ha d等缩略成 Weren tShouldn Hadn而置于句首。 省略条件句的主语和其后的动词 be若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词be,通常可将主语和动词be省略:If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下,拖拉 机就不会抛锚了。 (=If it had been repaired earlier ) 省略 “it+be ”If
6、necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you. 如果需要的话我会派更多的 民工去帮你。 (=lf it was necessary, I would) 省略主句或从句,表达强烈的情感He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊!If only I had known the news earlier! 要是我早知道这个消息多好啊! 注意: if only 后的动词形式参照 wish。3) 含蓄虚拟条件句所谓含蓄虚拟条件句, 即指将条件从句隐藏在
7、介词短语、 分词短语或上下文中的一类条 件句。此时,句子的谓语采用if条件句主句相同的形式。 介词短语含虚拟条件,如: with, without, but for, under 连词含虚拟条件,如:but(后接真实情况的分句),or, otherwise, and, or else 不定式、分词含虚拟条件,如:Given more time (= If I had been given more time ), I would have been able to finish the test .女口 果给我更多的时间,我就能做完试卷。He would have been foolish t
8、o do that (= if he has done that) 要是他干了这事,那真蠢。 名词含虚拟条件,如:A true friend would not have betrayed me.若是真正的朋友,就不会背弃我。(=lf hehad been a true friend, he would ) 定语从句含虚拟条件,如:Anyone who had see n that pain ti ng might have take n it for a photo.凡是看过那画的人,者 E可能把它看成是照片。(=If anyone had seen that pai nti ng) 上下文
9、含虚拟条件,如:Don tbother to read all these papers. It would take too long.不要费事看所有这些文 件了,那会花太多时间。 (= If you read all these papers, it would take too Iong)4)suppose (that), supposing (that)放句首,引导条件状语从句,相当于 if。Suppose that there were no gravitational force, object would not fall to the ground w hen dropped.
10、如果没有地球引力,物体就不会落到地面上。2. as if, as though引导的方式状语从句的虚拟语气表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had +过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should+ 原形动词3. even if, even though引导的让步状语从句的虚拟语气说的不一定是事实,往往是一种虚拟的让步,其虚拟语气主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如:Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.即
11、使华佗在世也救 不了他。注意:如果是真实情况,可用陈述语气。4. however, whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, no matter how(what, when, wher e, who)引导的让步状语从句中,也可以使用虚拟语气,一般使用陈述语气从句中谓语动词的形式指 现在或将来,用may+动词原形,指过去,用may+have done, 主句所用谓语动词时态不限。如:Wherever she may live, she will always find friends.5. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在for fear that, in
12、 case, lest引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should +动词原形。并且should不能省略。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.她又把门检查了一 遍,以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late.他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / may/ could / might / will / would / should
13、+ 动词原形。如:He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便 能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很 仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。二.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时(常常省略连词that),从句谓语要用虚拟语气。时态从句谓语与现在事实相反的愿望一般过去时;与过去相反的愿望过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词
14、将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望would (could, might, should) +动词原形注意:wish后从句的虚拟跟 wish的时态没有关系,主要看语境。2. would rather, had rather, would sooner 的宾语从句表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had +过去分词;现在过去时(be用were )将来过去时(be用were )Id rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。注意:三个词的意思都一样,had ra
15、ther美语中常用,would rather和had rather的缩写 都是 rather.3. 一坚持”主要是指insist的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should动词原形构成,其中的should在美国 英语可省略 。注意: 动词 insist 后接宾语从句时,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表 示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生, 或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较:He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his
16、letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。“二命令”主要是指order, comma nd的宾语从句,从句谓语由“ should动词原形构成,其中的should 在美国英语中通常可以省略。“三建议”主要是指advise, suggest, propose等的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should动词原形构成,其中的 should 可省。注意:动词suggest后接宾语从句时,也可用陈述语气,区别是:若谓语动词所表示的 情况尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,此时suggest通常译为 建议”若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实,则要用陈述语气,此时的suggest通常译为 表明” 认为”比较并体会:“四要求 ”主要
17、是指ask, dema nd, require, request等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“ should动词原形” 构成,其中的 should 可省。4. 其他的宾语从句可表示虚拟的动词有: recommend, move, vote, urge, arrange, desire, intend , direct。三主语从句中的虚拟语气, + (should) do1. It smportant 类这一类型主要包括 It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that. . .句型,这些表示情绪,观点的
18、形容词,如:It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能会回家去。2. It sa pity 类这一类还包括 a shame, duty, no wonder, 等,如:It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差,真可怜。3. It sdesired 类这种主语从句还常用在 It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, dec ided, etc. ) that.句型等分词。如:It is requested t
19、hat a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决。特别说明】(1) 在现代英语中,有时也可不用虚拟语气而用陈述语气,但初学者宜慎用。(2)在 It is amazing (strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame)以及 I am surpri sed (sorry)和I regret等结构后的that从句中有时也用 should,表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、 失望等情感,常含有 “竟然 ”之意:It sstrange that he should be so rude. 他竟如此无礼,真是奇怪。四表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气 +(
20、should) do 表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等词的名词形式相关的表语从句中同样要使用虚拟语气,这些词有 order, suggestion, advice, proposal, request, demand, requirement, desire, idea, pla n 等。如:The doctors advice is that you should go outside.五定语从句中的虚拟语气表示:“早该做某事了 ”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气, 其虚拟语气的结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式 / should
21、 + 动词原形 , should 不可省 略。如:It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。六 简单句中的虚拟语气1. 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气 的结构形式常为: would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如:Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗?2. 表示 “祝愿”时,
22、常用 “may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 ”。如:May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。3. 表示强烈的 “愿望 ”、 “祝愿”时,常用动词原形。如:Long live my motherland. 祖国万岁。4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。(1) 提出请求或邀请。如:Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。如:I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。(3) 提出劝告或建议。如:You d better
23、 ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。(4) 提出问题。如:Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗?(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为: “情态动词 + ha ve + 过去分词 ”。如:You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。七易错题1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had r
24、ead C. should have read D. am reading 解析:从前句的时态可以看出是过去时,所以与过去事实相反的愿望, wish 后应该接 had done 或者 would/could have done. 所以选择 B 。2. He looked as if he ill for a long time.A. was B. were 解析:此句是过去时态。 去完成时。选择 D。C. has been D. had beenas if 的虚拟语气从句动作发生在主句的动词之前,从句动词用过3. Mr. Brown left for London long ago. That
25、 s a pity. I wish .A. I meet him B. I ll have met him C. I d have met him D. I d meet him 解析:从第一句可知,布朗先生已经离开了,动作发生在过去,如果见到他,也是希望过去见到过他,所以是对过去的虚拟。Wish后应该用had done或would/could have done。选择C。4. The child insisted that he it himself.A. should do B. do C. did D. does 解析:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,即(s
26、hould)do;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气,即did。选择C。也可以用排除法,如果是表示那个小孩子坚持要自己做,那么答案A,B都对,所以都排除。5. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she something she would regret later.A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said 解析:此句是含蓄虚拟语气。 Otherwise 引导的句子应该是与 if 虚拟条件句的主句相同。根据句意,是对过去
27、的虚拟,所以应该用 would(could, might, should)+have done。所以选择 D。6. If only hequietly as the doctor instructed, he wouldnt suffer so much.A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie解析: if only 虚拟语气有三种,与过去相反用 had done, 与现在相反用 did/were, 与将来相 反用 would(could, might, should)+do. 从原因状语从句可以看出是对过去的假设,用 had done,所以选择 C。平
28、躺:lie-lay-lain 说谎,位于:lie-lied-lied 放置:lay-laid-laid7. I dont have a job. I would find one, but I no time.A. had B. didnt have C. had had D. have解析:含蓄虚拟语气。 But 后面接的是表示真实情况的分句,虚拟语气在前面的句子中,此句可以理解为:If I had time, I would find a job.对现在情况的虚拟。8. I warned him in order that he out of their quarrels.A. might
29、 keep B. keep C. kept D. keeps解析: in order that 引导目的状语从句可以使用虚拟语气,从句中的谓语为:can / may /could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。所以选择 A 。9. - John wants to see you today.- I d rather he tomorrow than today. I m too busy.A. comes B. came c. should come D. will come解析:would rather, had rather, would sooner的宾语从句,对将来的虚拟,用过去时,选择B.