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1、第二章后习题答案 习题1. 水在20时的饱和蒸气压为2.34 kPa 。若于100g水中溶有10.0 g蔗糖(Mr= 342),求此溶液的蒸气压。解 根据 , 2. 甲溶液由1.68 g蔗糖(Mr=342)和20.00 g水组成,乙溶液由2.45 g (Mr= 690)的某非电解质和20.00 g水组成。在相同温度下,哪份溶液的蒸气压高?将两份溶液放入同一个恒温密闭的钟罩里,时间足够长,两份溶液浓度会不会发生变化,为什么?当达到系统蒸气压平衡时,转移的水的质量是多少?解 (1) 溶液乙的蒸气压下降小,故蒸气压高。(2)乙溶液浓度变浓, 甲溶液浓度变稀。因为浓度不同的溶液置于同一密闭容器中,由于
2、不同,P不同, 蒸发与凝聚速度不同。乙溶液蒸气压高,溶剂蒸发速度大于甲溶液蒸发速度,所以溶液乙中溶剂可以转移到甲溶液。(3)设由乙溶液转移到甲溶液的水为x(g), 当两者蒸气压相等时,则x = 3.22g3.将2.80 g难挥发性物质溶于100 g水中,该溶液在101.3 kPa下,沸点为100.51 。求该溶质的相对分子质量及此溶液的凝固点。(Kb = 0.512 Kkgmol-1,Kf = 1.86Kkgmol-1)解 该溶液的凝固点为-1.854.烟草有害成分尼古丁的实验式是C5H7N,今将538 mg尼古丁溶于10.0 g水,所得溶液在101.3 kPa下的沸点是100.17 。求尼古
3、丁的分子式。解 尼古丁的分子式为: 5. 溶解3.24 g硫于40.0 g苯中,苯的凝固点降低1.62。求此溶液中硫分子是由几个硫原子组成的?(Kf = 5.10 Kkgmol-1 )解 此溶液中硫原子是由8个硫原子组成。6. 试比较下列溶液的凝固点的高低:(苯的凝固点为5.5 ,Kf = 5.12 Kkgmol-1,水的Kf = 1.86 Kkgmol-1) 0.1 molL-1蔗糖的水溶液; 0.1 molL-1乙二醇的水溶液; 0.1 molL-1乙二醇的苯溶液; 0.1 molL-1氯化钠水溶液。解 对于非电解质溶液,电解质溶液,故相同浓度溶液的凝固点的大小顺序是: 7. 试排出在相同
4、温度下,下列溶液渗透压由大到小的顺序: c(C6H12O6)= 0.2 molL-1; ; ; c(NaCl)= 0.2 molL-1。解 根据非电解质溶液, 电解质溶液,渗透压大小顺序是: 8. 今有一氯化钠溶液,测得凝固点为 -0.26 ,下列说法哪个正确,为什么? 此溶液的渗透浓度为140 mmolL-1; 此溶液的渗透浓度为280 mmolL-1; 此溶液的渗透浓度为70 mmolL-1; 此溶液的渗透浓度为7 153 mmolL-1 。解 由于 NaCl 在水溶液中可以电离出2倍质点数目,该溶液的渗透浓度可认为: 所以(1)正确,氯化钠溶液的渗透浓度应为140 mmolL-19. 1
5、00 mL水溶液中含有2.00 g 白蛋白,25 时此溶液的渗透压力为0.717 kPa 求白蛋白的相对分子质量。解 10. 测得泪水的凝固点为 -0.52 ,求泪水的渗透浓度及 37 时的渗透压力。解 泪水的渗透浓度为。11.今有两种溶液,一为1.50 g 尿素(Mr = 60.05)溶于200 g 水中,另一为42.8 g 某非电解质溶于1000 g 水中,这两种溶液在同一温度下结冰,试求该非电解质的相对分子质量。解 若两溶液在同一温度下结冰,则 ,有 12. 在0.100kg的水中溶有0.020 mol NaCl, 0.010 mol Na2SO4和0.040 mol MgCl2。假如它
6、们在溶液中完全电离,计算该溶液的沸点升高值。解 他们在溶液中完全电离,溶液中总质点数目为: Exercises1. What are the normal freezing points and boiling points of the following solution?(a)21.0g NaCl in 135mLof water.(b) 15.4g of urea in 66.7 mL of water.Solution: (a) (b) 2. If 4.00g of a certain nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 55.0g of benzene,
7、the resulting solution freezes at 2.36. Calculate the molecular weight of the nonelectrolyte. Solution: 3. The average osmotic pressure of seawater is about 30.0 atm at 25. Calculate the concentration (molarity) of an aqueous solution of urea (NH2CONH2)that is isotonic with seawater. Solution: 4. A
8、quantity of 7.85g of a compound having the empirical formula C5H4 is dissolved 301g of benzene. The freezing point of the solution is 1.05 below that of pure benzene. What are the molar mass and molecular formula of this compound?Solution: Since the formula mass of is and the molar mass is found to
9、be , the molecular formula of the compound is .5. Ethylene glycol (EG) CH2(OH)CH2(OH), is a common automobile antifreeze. it is cheap, water-soluble, and fairly nonvolatile (b.p.197).Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 651g of this substance in 2505g of water. Would you keep this s
10、ubstance in your car radiator during the summer? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01g.Solution: M(EG)=62.01gmol-1 Because the solution will boil at 102.15,it would be preferable to leave the antifreeze in your car radiator in summer to prevent the solution from boiling.6. A solution is prepar
11、ed by dissolving 35.0g of hemoglobin (Hb) in enough water to make up one liter in volume.If the osmotic pressure of the solution is found to be 10.0mmHg at 25,calculate the molar mass of hemoglobin.Solution: the concentration of the solution: 7. A 0.86 percent by mass solution of NaCl is called “physiological saline” because its osmotic pressure is equal to that of the solution in blood cell. Calculate the osmotic pressure of this solution at normal body temperature (37). Note that the density of the saline solution is 1.005g /mL.Solution: