计算机转30吴頔翻译.doc

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1、外文文献资料收集：苏州大学 应用技术学院 09计算机转班级（学号） 吴頔Wikimedia WorldsPart I: WikipediaImagine a world in which every single person is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. Thats what were doing (Wikimedia Foundation meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leaflet/en).1. Wiki As viewed by Ward Cunningham, the father o

2、f the Wiki ( wiki WikiHistory):. . . a wiki is a freely-expandable collection of interlinked web “pages”, a hypertext system for storing and modifying information a database, where each page is easily editable by any user . . . (Leuf and Cunningham, 2001, p. 14).Wiki is a . . . collaborative space .

3、 . . because of its total freedom, ease of access, and use, and simple and uniform navigational conventions . . . It . . . is also a way to organize and cross-link knowledge . . . (Leuf and Cunningham, 2001, p. 16).The original wiki, The Portland Pattern Repository ( was created by Cunningham in 199

4、5 ( WikiHistory).“Wiki wiki” (pronounced “wicky”, “weekee” or “veekee”) (encyclopedia. is a Hawaiian term for “quick” or “super-fast” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wiki). Cunningham coined the term wiki after the wiki wiki or quick shuttle buses at Honolulu Airport” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki#History). T

5、he wiki concept reflects his view that a web-based database should be simple to create and easy to use (en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham). As concisely described by Berkman (2004, p. 1), a wiki is:a collection of related HTML pages, typically residing on a server, created by wiki software. Wik

6、i software permits and is designed to enable-any visitor to edit the existing wiki documents without any special access authorization. No programming knowledge or technical capabilities to make edits or add new wiki pages are required; edits can be input right on the document, and they take effect i

7、mmediately. As such, a wiki embodies what is called an “open editing” philosophy.Indeed, as noted by Lamb (2004):. . . the wide-open ethic of wikis contrasts vividly with the traditional approaches of standard groupware and collaborative systems. Access restrictions, rigidly defined workflows, and s

8、tructures are anathema to most wiki developers. Whats unique about wikis is that users define for themselves how their processes and groups will develop . . .A Wiki is an example of “social software”, “a type of software that makes it easy for groups of people to work in a virtual environment” (Chaw

9、ner and Lewis, 2004). Blogs, instant messaging, and internet relay chats are among other prominent types of social software or systems (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ software#Examples).1.1. General features and functions“A defining characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can b

10、e created and updated” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki). “Most wikis provide the user with a set of navigation or utility tools such as the ability to edit a page; view recently changed pages; use a history feature to view or roll back to a previous version of a page; discuss offline changes or proposed

11、 changes to a page; use a backlinks function (view all the pages that link to the page currently displayed); search the wiki; and others” (Peterson, 2004, p. 14). In addition, most wikis provide a “sandbox” in which users can test and experiment with the wiki syntax, editing conventions, and other f

12、eatures and functionalities (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wikipedia:About_the_Sandbox). While, “some wiki implementations provide the ability to register users and restrict editing capabilities to a particular set of users . . .” (Peterson, 2004, p. 14), most public wikis do not generally require that rea

13、ders register, and additions or modifications made by readers are not typically reviewed prior to publication within a wiki (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wiki).1.2. AdvantagesIn a recent review, Bean and Hott (2005) clearly summarize the advantages of Wikis within organizations, noting their “potential to

14、 provide individuals with a forum for improving knowledge and advancing thought processes; form collaborative social research communities with respect to project management, provide innovative reference repositories for all aspects of planning, operation, and implementation” (Bean and Hott 2005, p.

15、8).1.3. UsesSince their initial introduction, the use of wikis has grown to include a range of current or potential collaborative activities in a wide variety of organizational environments (McKiernan, 2005), notably in corporations (Berkman, 2004), institutions of higher education (Lamb, 2004; Schw

16、artz et al., 2004), and libraries (Berkman, 2004; Minor, 2004). Businesses are using wikis “to organize and manage projects, record meeting notes, track deadlines, gather requirements, solve problems remotely, co-author proposals, and communicate initiatives . . . (Peterson, 2004, p. 14). In additio

17、n, wikis could be used as a partial Intranet replacement or supplement, as a collaborative space for strategic planning, and as an environment for a Best Practices Knowledge Repository” or forum for a “Live Issue Knowledge Exchange” (Berkman, 2004, p. 2).Based on a survey of 24 university wikis, Sch

18、wartz et al. (2004) , identified a number of wiki uses, including the creation of interactive activities for their students and the presentation of “course information such as resources, external links, project information, and frequently asked questions (FAQs).” In addition, they observed that wiki

19、s “provide a forum for learners to discuss topics and obtain information relating to courses, extra curricular activities and associations in their fields of interest.” Lamb (2004, pp. 2-3) describes several wiki applications at the University of British Columbia, his home institution, notably the i

20、ntegration of wikis into the course management system authoring environment by the Faculty of Applied Science, Centre for Instructional Support; the use of a wiki “to store and organize content for a major new job posting and career development web site” by the Career Services unit; and the creation

21、 of a wiki to plan a conference, to collect supporting resources, gather contributions from invited participants, and to record group work. After the conference, “participants subsequently edited their collaborative authorings from a wide variety of locations, resulting in a “conference proceedings”

22、 of an altogether different sort.”Berkman (2003, p. 3) has speculated on a variety of library wiki applications, notably the creation of a competitive intelligence knowledgebase and the compilation of frequently asked reference questions with associated answers and sources. In addition, a wiki could

23、 provide a collaborative space in which colleagues could share discoveries, experiences, and knowledge about various databases or web search engines. The University of Winnipeg Library is using a wiki to discuss issues relating to electronic reserves and to experiment with possible prototypes. In ad

24、dition, a wiki is used to solicit comments and suggestions about its services and for students to request reference and research assistance (Minor, 2004). The same wiki is also used as the framework for an eManual, an information literacy resource guide (whatwouldbatgirldo. 2. Wikimedia FoundationAm

25、ong the most popular and best known wikis are the public wikis hosted and coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation Inc. (Wikimedia) (wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home). The Wikimedia Foundation is “a nonprofit corporation organized under the laws of Florida, USA”“that was officially announced on June

26、 20, 2003 by Jimmy Wales, the founder of Wikipedia, ”the free-content encyclopedia that anyone can edit (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page). “The goals of the foundation are to maintain and develop free-content, wiki-based projects and to provide the full contents of those projects to the public free

27、of charge” (wikimediafoundation.org/ wiki/About_Wikimedia#The_goals_ of_the_foundation). “The Wikimedia Foundation is the parent organization of some of the largest collaborativelyedited reference projects in the world” (wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home), notably Wikipedia (www.wikipedia. org), Wik

28、ibooks (en.wikibooks.org), Wikinews (en.wikinews.org), Wikiquote (en.wikiquote.org), Wikisource (wikisource.org), Wikispecies (species.wikipedia.org), Wiktionary (en.wiktionary.org), and Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org). “The name Wikimedia is a portmanteau of the wordswiki and multimedia (

29、wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/About_Wikimedia#The_ goals_of_the_foundation).Wikimedia relies in part on public donations to provide its various wikibased projects In addition to support for regular hardware upgrades, funding is necessary to cover bandwidth, rack space, and software development costs

30、and expenses. (wikimedia foundation.org/wiki/Fundraising).3. MediaWikiWikipedia, as well as its various sister projects, makes use of MediaWiki (), an open source wiki software program (engine) licensed under the GNU General Public License (www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl. html) (meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/He

31、lp: Index). MediaWiki was developed at SourceForge ( and can be downloaded from its site (). A “feature list” for the MediaWiki software is available (meta.wikimedia. org/wiki/MediaWiki_feature_list) as is a FAQ (meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/ MediaWiki_FAQ). A comprehensive “MediaWiki Handbook” is also a

32、vailable (meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Help:Contents).3.1. Features and functionalitiesMediawiki software offers basic and advanced features and functionalities, notably those relating to the “look and feel” of the particular Wikipedia; multimedia and extensions; edit tracking; structure and syntax; edi

33、ting; discussions; Multilanguage support; backend characteristics; permissions; and searching (meta.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ MediaWiki_feature_list) as follows:(1) Look and feel: . Printable versions;. “skins”;. Table of contents generation; and. User styles.(2) Multimedia and extensions:. File uploadin

34、g; . Mathematical formulas representation; . Automatic resizing; and . Timeline.(3) Edit tracking: . “recent changes”; . extended “related changes”; . Side-by-side differences; . On-page authorship; . User contribution; and . watchlists. (4) Structure and syntax: . Links to individual article sectio

35、ns; . Namespaces;. Support for multiple categories; . Support for subpages; and . Word-extension linking.(5) Editing: . Edit conflicts; . Edit preview; . Edit summary; . Edit toolbar; . Minor edit; and . Section editing. (6) Discussions: . Automatic signature; . Message notification; and . “Talk” pa

36、ges. (7) Multilanguage support: . “interlanguage” links; and . Translation. (8) Backend: . All revisions of an article are stored;. Cookie-based account and login system; . Database-driven (MySQL); and . RSS syndication available for many special pages. (9) Permissions: . Different rights for anonym

37、ous users signed in users, sysops, bureaucrats and developers. (10) Search and queries: . Full-text searching; . “Go” button allows direct viewing of a specified articles contents; and . View pages that link to the current page.4. WikipediaWikipedia (www.wikipedia.org) (en.wikipedia.org) is a web-ba

38、sed, free content, collaboratively-written encyclopedia, with editions in nearly 200 different languages. Its content includes traditional encyclopedia topics and content typically found in almanacs, gazetteers, and other reference works, as well as coverage of current events (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

39、Wikipedia). As of early August 2005, there were more than 200 Wikipedia language editions, with the five largest editions in English (662,000 articles), German (266,200), French (141,800), Japanese (131,900), and Swedish (92,500) (meta.wikimedia. org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias), with the combined Wikip

40、edia editions containing approximately two million articles. “On May 16, 2005, the English Wikipedia had 526,000 articles and 194 million words, giving a mean article length of 368 words and about one billion total characters.” In comparison the online version of the Encyclopedia Britannica (2002) c

41、ontained 120,000 articles, 44 million words, with average article length of 370 words (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_ comparisons#Comparison_of_ encyclo pedias). Wikipedia was recently recognized as the most visited online encyclopedia) and the second most visited “Education-Reference” web si

42、te overall, surpassed only by D ( (see also (www. &CategoryID=10).5. HistoryWikipedia was originally established as an adjunct to Nupedia, a web-based encyclopedia with contributions “written by experts and licensed as free content” launched in March 2000. A key component of Nupedia was its “extensi

43、ve peer review process designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to professional encyclopedias” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Nupedia). Due in part to its highly rigorous editorial process, (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia#The_ editorial_process), however, only two dozen contributions were forma

44、lly published in the Nupedia, while another 74 were in progress before the project ended in September 2003 (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia) (see also Sanger, 2001, 2005a, b). Prior to its termination, Larry Singer, the Nupedia editor in chief, and founder Wales recognized that the:. . . Slow producti

45、vity was probably going to be an ongoing problem and that there needed to be a way in which ordinary uncredentialed people could participate more easily in the development of Nupedia (Sanger, 2005a).By coincidence, Sanger subsequently learned about the WikiWikiWeb ( WikiWikiWeb) established by Ward

46、Cunningham. As noted by Sanger (2005a):Instantly I was considering whether wiki would work as a more open and simple editorial system for a free, collaborative encyclopedia, and it seemed exactly right. And the more I thought about it, without even having seen a wiki, the more it seemed obviously ri

47、ght.Subsequently, Wikipedia was created as a side project to allow collaboration on articles prior to entering the peer review process (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Nupedia). Within weeks of its formal launch in January 2001, Wikipedia had significantly more content than Nupedia (Sanger, 2005a). The UseMo

48、dWiki software (www. was used for all versions of Wikipedia until early 2002, when all language versions were converted to MediaWiki (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UseMod).6. WikipediaUnlike the preparation of most print and electronic reference works, almost anyone can contribute to Wikipedia. Perhaps most significantly, readers can also edit nearly any article by any other contributor, updating a current v