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1、定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常或代词即先行词。定语从句通常 出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,whichwho,whom,whose,that,which 等。等。关系副词有：关系副词有：when,where,whywhen,where,why 等。等。18.118.1 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是充当人或
2、物的名词或代词，并在句中关系代词所代替的先行词是充当人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1 1）who,whom,thatwho,whom,that 代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。语和宾语。例如：例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?Is he the man who/that wants to
3、 see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（他就是你想见的人吗？（who/thatwho/that 在从句中作主语）在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/thatwhom/that 在从句中作宾语）在从句中作宾语）2 2）whosewhose 用来指人或物，用来指人或物，（只用作定语（只用作定语,若指物，等同于若指物，等同于of whichof which）。）。例如：例如：They rushed o
4、ver to help the man whose car had broken down.They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whosePlease pass me the book whose（of whichof which）cover is green.cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。请递给我那本绿皮的书。3 3）which,thatwhich,that 所代替的先行词是事物的名
5、词或代词，在从句中可作主所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。语、宾语等。例如：例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears inA prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears inthe countryside.the countryside.-1-1-农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/thatwhich/that 在句中作宾语）在句中作宾语）TheThe packagepackage（wh
6、ichwhich/thatthat）youyou areare carryingcarrying is is aboutabout toto comecomeunwrapped.unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（你拿的包快散了。（which/thatwhich/that 在句中作宾语）在句中作宾语）18.218.2 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。作状语。1 1）关系副词）关系副词 when,where,whywhen,where,why 的含义相当于的含义相
7、当于介词介词+which+which结构，结构，因因此常常和此常常和 介词介词+which+which结构交替使用。结构交替使用。例如：例如：There are occasions whenThere are occasions when（on whichon which）one must yield.one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place whereBeijing is the place where（in whichin which）I was born.I was born.北京是我的出生地。北京是我
8、的出生地。Is this the reason whyIs this the reason why（for whichfor which）he refused our offer?he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？18.318.3 判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如
9、：要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。判断改错：判断改错：（错
10、）（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.-2-2-（对）（对）This is the mountain villageThis is the mountai
11、n village（whichwhich）I visited last year.I visited last year.（对）（对）Ill never forget the daysIll never forget the days（whichwhich）I spent in the countryside.I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,where,whenwhen 联系在一联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句
12、中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系副词。例例 1.Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?1.Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A.whereA.whereB.thatB.thatC.on whichC.on whichD.the oneD.the one例例 2.Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.2.Is this the
13、museum _ the exhibition was held.A.whereA.whereB.thatB.thatC.on whichC.on whichD.the oneD.the one答案：例答案：例 1 D1 D，例，例 2 A2 A例例 1 1 变为肯定句：变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例例 2 2 变为肯定句：变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.This i
14、s the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句在句 1 1 中，中，所缺部分为宾语，所缺部分为宾语，而而 where,that,on whichwhere,that,on which 都不能起到都不能起到宾语的作用，而宾语的作用，而the onethe one 既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选省略关系代词，所以应选 D D。而句而句 2 2 中中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词用副词 wherewhere，又因又因 i
15、n the museumin the museum 词组，词组，可用介词可用介词 in+whichin+which 引导地引导地点状语。而此题中，介词点状语。而此题中，介词 onon 用的不对，所以选用的不对，所以选 A A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whosewho,whom,that,which,whose）；先行）；先行词在从句中做状语时，词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词应选择关系副词（wherewhere 地
16、点状语，地点状语，whenwhen 时时间状语，间状语，whywhy 原因状语）原因状语）。18.418.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性和非限制性定语从句-3-3-1 1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：逗号分开。例如：This is the house
17、 which we bought last month.This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2 2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语）当先行词是专有名词
18、或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.My house,which I bought last year,has
19、got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3 3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰对其进行修饰,这这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。He
20、 seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。液态水变为
21、蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词说明：关系代词 thatthat 和关系副词和关系副词 whywhy 不能引导非限制性定语从句。不能引导非限制性定语从句。18.518.5 介词介词+关系词关系词-4-4-1 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2 2）thatthat 前不能有介词。前不能有介词。3 3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的 介词介词+关系词关系词 结构可结构可以同关系副词以同关系副词 whenwhen 和和 wherewhere 互换。例如：互换。例如：This is the house in which I
22、lived two years ago.This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。这是我两年前住过的房子。Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱
23、乐部的那一天吗？还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Do you remember the day when you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?18.6 as,which18.6 as,which 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句由由as,whichas,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，引导的非限定性定语从句，asas和和whichwhich可代整个主句，可代整个主句，相当于相当于 and thisand this 或或 and thatand that。AsAs 一般放在句首，一般放在句
24、首，whichwhich 在句中。在句中。例如：例如：As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。典型例题典型例题1 1
25、）Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.A.itA.itB.thatB.thatC.whichC.whichD.heD.he答案答案 C.C.此为非限定性从句，不能用此为非限定性从句，不能用 thatthat 修饰，而用修饰，而用which.which.，it it 和和hehe 都使后句成为句子，都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且
26、选况且选 hehe句意不通。句意不通。2 2）The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we couldThe weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could-5-5-expect.expect.A.whatA.whatB.whichB.whichC.thatC.thatD.itD.it答案答案 B B。whichwhich 可代替句子，可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，用于非限定性定语从句，而而 whatwhat 不可。不可。ThatThat 不能用于非
27、限定性定语从句，不能用于非限定性定语从句，it it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3 3）It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.A.thatA.thatB.whichB.whichC.asC.asD.itD.it答案答案 B.B.asas 和和 whichwhich 在引导非限制性定语从句时，
28、这两个关系代词在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：但不同之处主要有两点：（1 1）asas 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 whichwhich 不可。不可。（2 2）asas 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.which.。在。在本题中，本题
29、中，preventprevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B B。18.718.7asas 的用法的用法例例 1.1.thethe samesameasas；suchsuchasas 中的中的 asas 是一种固定结构是一种固定结构,其意思为其意思为和一样。和一样。例如：例如：I have got into the same trouble as heI have got into the same trouble as he（hashas）.我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。例例 2.as2.as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”。例如
30、：可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”。例如：As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known,smoking is harmful to ones health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。AsAs 是关系代词。例是关系代词。例1 1 中的中的 asas 作作 knowknow 的宾语；例的宾语；例 2 2 中，它充当从句的中，
31、它充当从句的-6-6-主语，谓语动词主语，谓语动词 knowknow 要用被动式。要用被动式。18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1 1）what=the thing whichwhat=the thing which；whatever=anythingwhatever=anything。例如：。例如：What you want has been sent here.What you want has been sent here.你要的动词都送来了。你要的动词都送来了。
32、Whatever you want makes no difference to me.Whatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2 2）who=the person thatwho=the person thatwhoever=anyone whowhoever=anyone who。例如：。例如：（错）（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.Who breaks the law will be punished.（错）（错）Whoever robb
33、ed the bank is not clear.Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.（对）（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.王子犯法，与庶民同罪。王子犯法，与庶民同罪。（对）（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.Who robbed the bank is not clear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。谁抢了银行还不清楚。3 3）thatthat 和和 whatwhat当当 thatthat 引导
34、定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的 thatthat 常常可省略。可省略。WhatWhat 只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：分，且不能省略。例如：I thinkI think（thatthat）you will like the stamps.you will like the stamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。W
35、hat we need is more practice.What we need is more practice.我们需要的是更多的实践。我们需要的是更多的实践。18.918.9 关系代词关系代词 thatthat 的用法的用法1 1）只能用只能用 thatthat 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况作为定语从句的关系代词的情况1 1、先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时、先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时eg.This is the first job that I have taken up.eg.This is the first job that I have taken up.Thi
36、s is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.-7-7-2 2、先行词是不定代词、先行词是不定代词,something,something、somebodysomebody、nothingnothing、anythinganything、allall、littlelittle、muchmuch 等时等时eg.There is something that I want to tell you.eg.There is so
37、mething that I want to tell you.3.3.先行词被先行词被 all/any/every/each/few/little/no/some/much/only/all/any/every/each/few/little/no/some/much/only/none/both/either/neithernone/both/either/neither 等修饰时等修饰时eg.I have read all the books that you lent me.eg.I have read all the books that you lent me.4.4.先行词被先行
38、词被 the only,the last,the verythe only,the last,the very 等修饰时等修饰时,eg.This is the only method we can use.eg.This is the only method we can use.5.5.先行词又有人又有物时先行词又有人又有物时eg.They talked about things and persons that they know in the school.eg.They talked about things and persons that they know in the scho
39、ol.6.6.主句以主句以 whowho 或或 whichwhich 开头时开头时eg.Who is the old man that speak to you just now?eg.Who is the old man that speak to you just now?2 2）修饰物时只用）修饰物时只用 whichwhich 不用不用 thatthat 的情况的情况1 1、引导非限制性定语从句时。、引导非限制性定语从句时。例如：例如：Bamboo is hollow,which makes it light.Bamboo is hollow,which makes it light.竹
40、子是空心的，这使得他很轻。竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。2 2、当关系词前有介词时。、当关系词前有介词时。例如：例如：This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。3 3、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,that,另一个宜用另一个宜用 whichwhich。例如：例如：Let me show y
41、ou the novel that I borrowed from the library whichLet me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library whichwaswas newlynewly openopen toto us.us.我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。说。-8-8-4 4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。、当关系代词后面有插入语时。例如：例如：Here is the English grammar which,as I have told you,will hel
42、pHere is the English grammar which,as I have told you,will helpimprove your English.improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。5 5、先行词为、先行词为 thatthat 时时例如：例如：The clock is that which can tell us the time.The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。钟是报时的装置。-9-9-