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1、汉译英翻译技巧汉译英翻译技巧汉译英翻译技巧汉译英翻译技巧一、分清主从一、分清主从(Subordination)(Subordination)汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时，要突出重汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时，要突出重点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。1 1、没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。Without agri
2、culture,people cannot exist,neither can social productionWithout agriculture,people cannot exist,neither can social productionproceed.proceed.2 2、他们一听到他们一听到“反霸反霸”就火冒三丈就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“antiThe fact that
3、they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“anti-hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists.hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists.3 3、有人以为社会主义就了不起，一点缺点也没有，哪有这个事有人以为社会主义就了不起，一点缺点也没有，哪有这个事?Some believe that socialism
4、 is just perfect,without a single flaw.How canSome believe that socialism is just perfect,without a single flaw.How canthat be true?that be true?4 4、但是，象我们常说的那样，道路总是曲折的，前途总是光明的。但是，象我们常说的那样，道路总是曲折的，前途总是光明的。But as we have often said,while the road ahead is tortuous,the future isBut as we have often sa
5、id,while the road ahead is tortuous,the future isbright.bright.二、二、选词用字选词用字（DictionDiction）在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。1 1、每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？、每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？Every nation has its own strong points.If not,how can it survive?How can it prog
6、ress?Every nation has its own strong points.If not,how can it survive?How can it progress?2 2、树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。、树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。Foster lofty ideals,set high goals and march forward for the revolutionFoster lofty ideals,set high goals and march forward for the revolutionof modernization of scien
7、ce and technology.of modernization of science and technology.3 3、我国的社会主义建设，需要一个和平的国际环境，需要一个国内安定团结，我国的社会主义建设，需要一个和平的国际环境，需要一个国内安定团结，天下大治的局面。天下大治的局面。For its socialist construction,China needs an international environmentFor its socialist construction,China needs an international environmentof peace an
8、d a domestic situation of stability,unity and great order.of peace and a domestic situation of stability,unity and great order.4 4、论技术，她那时还不如我，但思想却比我高得多。、论技术，她那时还不如我，但思想却比我高得多。Professionally she was then not yet my equal,but ideologically she wasProfessionally she was then not yet my equal,but ideol
9、ogically she washead and shoulders above me.head and shoulders above me.三、增益三、增益（AmpificationAmpification）汉译英时的汉译英时的“增益增益”技巧的运用技巧的运用,有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义,有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。1 1、交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。、交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。Before handing in your tr
10、anslation,you have to read it over and over againBefore handing in your translation,you have to read it over and over againand see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved.Only then canand see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved.Only then canyou do your work well.you do yo
11、ur work well.（英语行文时人称代词，物主代词用得较多）（英语行文时人称代词，物主代词用得较多）2 2、她挑水，生炉子，洗东西，忙个不停。、她挑水，生炉子，洗东西，忙个不停。Fetching water,building the fire,washing-she had her hands full everyFetching water,building the fire,washing-she had her hands full everyminute.(minute.(增益为了意译增益为了意译)3 3、他们一听说有新任务，就坐不往了。、他们一听说有新任务，就坐不往了。When
12、 they learnt that theyd been given a new task,they just couldnt sit still any longer.(When they learnt that theyd been given a new task,they just couldnt sit still any longer.(增加增加 not any longernot any longer表示表示“不再不再”.)”.)4 4、会用就了不得、会用就了不得,不会用就一文不值不会用就一文不值.It works wonders when you know how to use
13、 it,but when you dont it is notIt works wonders when you know how to use it,but when you dont it is notworth a single penny.(worth a single penny.(增加连词与代词增加连词与代词)三、三、省略法省略法.(Omission).(Omission)汉语不怕重复汉语不怕重复,英语中有相同的词语常可省略英语中有相同的词语常可省略,行文较简练。汉语中出于行文需要而没有实意的一些词语在英译时行文较简练。汉语中出于行文需要而没有实意的一些词语在英译时也要省略。也要省
14、略。1 1、我们要培养分析问题，解决问题的能力。、我们要培养分析问题，解决问题的能力。We must cultivate the ability to analyse and solve problems.We must cultivate the ability to analyse and solve problems.（只用一个（只用一个 problemsproblems）2 2、我已提前完成了任务，他也提前完成了。、我已提前完成了任务，他也提前完成了。Ive fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule,so has he.Ive fulfi
15、lled my assigned work ahead of schedule,so has he.3 3、中国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。、中国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe intoThe people of China have always been courageous enough to probe intothings,to make inventions and to make revolution.things,to make
16、 inventions and to make revolution.（只用一个（只用一个 courageous enoughcourageous enough）4 4、质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电，也不带阴电。、质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电，也不带阴电。A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,but aA proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,but aneutron has neither.
17、neutron has neither.五、转换五、转换（ConversionConversion）汉语中的某些词类在英译时常常要根据英语的句式转换成英语的另一类词，更符合英语的惯用法。不仅如此，有汉语中的某些词类在英译时常常要根据英语的句式转换成英语的另一类词，更符合英语的惯用法。不仅如此，有时整个句式也要转换。时整个句式也要转换。1 1、一定要少说空话，多做工作。、一定要少说空话，多做工作。There must be less empty talk and more hard work.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.(汉语
18、中的动词转换成英语中的名词汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词)2 2、警察把那个孩子的胳臂抓得更紧了，叫嚷道：、警察把那个孩子的胳臂抓得更紧了，叫嚷道：“学规矩点学规矩点!”!”Tightening his hold on the boys arm,the policeman yelled,“Learn some respect!”(Tightening his hold on the boys arm,the policeman yelled,“Learn some respect!”(句子的前部分转换成分词结构句子的前部分转换成分词结构)、口试时问了她十个问题、口试时问了她十个问题,她一一答对
19、了。她一一答对了。She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one correctly.She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one correctly.（主动式转换为被动式句型）（主动式转换为被动式句型）、语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。、语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking
20、effort.The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.(句式不同但意思完全相同句式不同但意思完全相同)六、词序调整。六、词序调整。（InversionInversion）每种语言都有自己的自然语序，翻译时要注意入乡随俗。特别要注意英译时强调句式的词序。每种语言都有自己的自然语序，翻译时要注意入乡随俗。特别要注意英译时强调句式的词序。1 1、这个茶会是由伦敦泰晤士报的高级记者约翰先生举行的。这个茶会是由伦敦泰晤士报的高级记者约翰先生举行的。The tea-party was given by Mr J
21、ohn,senior correspondent of TheThe tea-party was given by Mr John,senior correspondent of TheTimes,London.Times,London.（英译时姓名在前，职务在后）（英译时姓名在前，职务在后）2 2、我们上星期天在她家尽情地吃了一顿。我们上星期天在她家尽情地吃了一顿。We ate to our hearts content at her home last Sunday.We ate to our hearts content at her home last Sunday.(汉语的状语排列：
22、时间汉语的状语排列：时间地点地点方式方式英语的排列是：英语的排列是：方式方式地点地点时间）时间）3 3、我们从来没有看见过这样光明的前途。、我们从来没有看见过这样光明的前途。Never have we seen so bright a future before us.Never have we seen so bright a future before us.(英语中英语中 NeverNever 开头的句子词序要倒装开头的句子词序要倒装)4 4、荷花虽好，也要绿叶扶持。、荷花虽好，也要绿叶扶持。With all its beauty the lotus needs the green of
23、 its leaves to set it off.With all its beauty the lotus needs the green of its leaves to set it off.(With(With 的特殊用法，表示让步，用在句首的特殊用法，表示让步，用在句首)七、正说反译，反说正译。七、正说反译，反说正译。（NegationNegation）英汉两种语言都有自己的约定俗成的正反说法，英汉两种语言都有自己的约定俗成的正反说法，这在英译时要时刻注意到。这在英译时要时刻注意到。英语中有些词汇本身就有否定的意思，英语中有些词汇本身就有否定的意思，要善于利用，如要善于利用，如 f
24、ail,without,beyond,until,unless,instead offail,without,beyond,until,unless,instead of 等；等；、我认为他不对。他昨天没有露面。、我认为他不对。他昨天没有露面。I dont think he is correct.he failed to turn up yesterday.I dont think he is correct.he failed to turn up yesterday.(正说反译，反说正译正说反译，反说正译)、证据确凿，毋庸置疑。、证据确凿，毋庸置疑。The evidence is conc
25、lusive,excluding all possibilities of doubt.(The evidence is conclusive,excluding all possibilities of doubt.(反说正译反说正译)、那件事没有减弱我们的决心，反倒增强了我们的决心。、那件事没有减弱我们的决心，反倒增强了我们的决心。That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination.That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination.(or:Tha
26、t strengthened,rather than weakened,our determination.)(or:That strengthened,rather than weakened,our determination.)4 4、会议开得冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。会议开得冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions thatThe meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions thata
27、t times they were almost on the point of breaking up.(at times they were almost on the point of breaking up.(正说反译，反说正译正说反译，反说正译)八、长句拆译。八、长句拆译。（DivisionDivision）翻译时随意断句是不足取的，但为了忠实并通顺地转达原意，仔细分析后，在保持原文风格特点的前提下，适当翻译时随意断句是不足取的，但为了忠实并通顺地转达原意，仔细分析后，在保持原文风格特点的前提下，适当地断句倒显得更自然有力。长句拆译时往往要综合使用学到的种种技巧。地断句倒显得更自然有
28、力。长句拆译时往往要综合使用学到的种种技巧。、我们的一般企业很少注意经济效果，我们的一般企业很少注意经济效果，广泛存在着劳动无定员，广泛存在着劳动无定员，生产无定额，生产无定额，质量无检查，质量无检查，成本无核算的现象，成本无核算的现象，在人力、物力、财力上造成很多浪费。在人力、物力、财力上造成很多浪费。Our enterprises in general pay little attention to economic results,since usually the number of workers needed forOur enterprises in general pay li
29、ttle attention to economic results,since usually the number of workers needed fora job is not fixed,production quota is not fixed,the quality of products is not checked and cost accounting is nota job is not fixed,production quota is not fixed,the quality of products is not checked and cost accounti
30、ng is notearnestly practised.All this has incurred a big waste of manpower,material resources and money.earnestly practised.All this has incurred a big waste of manpower,material resources and money.(因为原长句结尾处是表判断带有总结性的分句，所以在这里断句译较好因为原长句结尾处是表判断带有总结性的分句，所以在这里断句译较好)、人民的觉悟是不容易的，要去掉人民头脑中的错误思想，需要我们做很多切切实实
31、的工作。、人民的觉悟是不容易的，要去掉人民头脑中的错误思想，需要我们做很多切切实实的工作。The political awakening of the people is not easy.It requires much earnest effort on our part to rid their minds ofThe political awakening of the people is not easy.It requires much earnest effort on our part to rid their minds ofwrong ideas.wrong ideas.(
32、原句中包含着从一般到细节的过渡，断句分译才使译文更有条理原句中包含着从一般到细节的过渡，断句分译才使译文更有条理)、一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头、一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。苦干。Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely integrated.Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely
33、integrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and moreWe must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and morehard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.hard work.We must be stead
34、fast and dedicated.长句拆译方面对初学者来说有些偏深，故不多举例了。作为有心人认真探索是大有好处的。长句拆译方面对初学者来说有些偏深，故不多举例了。作为有心人认真探索是大有好处的。以上我们探讨了如何在汉译英时把以上我们探讨了如何在汉译英时把“英译汉英译汉”的翻译技巧加以利用的翻译技巧加以利用,以求得英语行文正确与合理以求得英语行文正确与合理.现在我们要从另一现在我们要从另一个角度来分析汉译英个角度来分析汉译英.也就是从语法上着手，也就是从语法上着手，纵横结合。纵横结合。通过这样学习，通过这样学习，对提高实际运用英语的能力有极其重要的对提高实际运用英语的能力有极其重要的作用。因
35、为汉语的句子我们可以一目十行，怎么样地道地用英语表达才是我们作用。因为汉语的句子我们可以一目十行，怎么样地道地用英语表达才是我们“翻译法翻译法”的终极目标的终极目标.一、汉语中无词形变化，但仔细分析一下，我们都能明确其中各词属于什么词性。英语中词形变化很重要，名词一、汉语中无词形变化，但仔细分析一下，我们都能明确其中各词属于什么词性。英语中词形变化很重要，名词有单复数变化，冠词有定冠词和不定冠词，形容词、副词有比较级和最高级的变化，动词有时态、语态、语气的有单复数变化，冠词有定冠词和不定冠词，形容词、副词有比较级和最高级的变化，动词有时态、语态、语气的变化以及各种非谓语动词的不同用法。这要求我
36、们在汉译英时应该看好英语的词法与句法的统一。变化以及各种非谓语动词的不同用法。这要求我们在汉译英时应该看好英语的词法与句法的统一。、年轻人宜彬彬有礼。、年轻人宜彬彬有礼。Modesty becomes a young man.Modesty becomes a young man.（注意动词的变化与冠词的用法）（注意动词的变化与冠词的用法）、鸟鸣山更幽。、鸟鸣山更幽。It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains when birds are singing.It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains
37、when birds are singing.（形容词比较级，名词复数，动词进行时）（形容词比较级，名词复数，动词进行时）、从各方面来考虑，他的命运是幸福的。、从各方面来考虑，他的命运是幸福的。Taking all things into consideration,his lot is a happy one.Taking all things into consideration,his lot is a happy one.(分词的独立主格用法，冠词的正确使用分词的独立主格用法，冠词的正确使用)、使事情更糟的，天又下起雨来了。、使事情更糟的，天又下起雨来了。To make the mat
38、ter worse,it began to rain.To make the matter worse,it began to rain.（不定式作独立主格）（不定式作独立主格）二、汉语中存在着无主句（没有主语的句子）二、汉语中存在着无主句（没有主语的句子）。英语中除祈使句之外，一般都必须有主语。所以在汉译英时，应。英语中除祈使句之外，一般都必须有主语。所以在汉译英时，应经常推敲要选那一个词来当主语，经常推敲要选那一个词来当主语，一般可加上一般可加上 I,we,you,theyI,we,you,they 等等（常泛指人们）（常泛指人们）作主语以及加上相应的物主代词。作主语以及加上相应的物主代词
39、。有时也采用被动语态来翻译。有时也采用被动语态来翻译。、拾煤渣也要放聪明点儿，常常换换地方。为的不受那些野男孩子的欺负。、拾煤渣也要放聪明点儿，常常换换地方。为的不受那些野男孩子的欺负。Even when scrounging for cinder you had to have your wits about you and shift from place to place to avoid thoseEven when scrounging for cinder you had to have your wits about you and shift from place to pla
40、ce to avoid thosemischievous boys who banded together to collect cinders,too.mischievous boys who banded together to collect cinders,too.(用用 youyou 作主语，再加上相关的代词作主语，再加上相关的代词 your.)your.)2 2、真是一个钱撕成八瓣用，心里总想着怎样能够改善家里的困境。、真是一个钱撕成八瓣用，心里总想着怎样能够改善家里的困境。Each single copper had to be eked out,and I kept racki
41、ng my minds for ways to improve our difficult conditions.Each single copper had to be eked out,and I kept racking my minds for ways to improve our difficult conditions.（翻译时用（翻译时用 I I 作主语并增加相关的物主代词）作主语并增加相关的物主代词）、对革命高潮的客观条件与主观力量区分不清楚，不知道主观的群众运动对促成革命高潮到来的作用。、对革命高潮的客观条件与主观力量区分不清楚，不知道主观的群众运动对促成革命高潮到来的作用
42、。NoNo clearclear distinctiondistinction waswas mademade betweenbetween thethe objectiveobjective conditioncondition andand thethe subjectivesubjective strengthstrength involvedinvolved inin a arevolutionary upsurge.We did not understand the importance of the mass movement,the subjective element,inre
43、volutionary upsurge.We did not understand the importance of the mass movement,the subjective element,inhelping to bring about a revolutionary upsurge.helping to bring about a revolutionary upsurge.（汉语中属无主句，英译时增添主语（汉语中属无主句，英译时增添主语 wewe）3 3、村里办了小学，开设了粮站和卫生所。村里办了小学，开设了粮站和卫生所。A primary school,a grain st
44、ation and a clinic have been set up in the village.A primary school,a grain station and a clinic have been set up in the village.（汉译英时使用被动语态）（汉译英时使用被动语态）三、汉语中词与词之间，短语与短语之间，分句与分句之间很少用连词。而在这种场合下英语一定要使用连词，三、汉语中词与词之间，短语与短语之间，分句与分句之间很少用连词。而在这种场合下英语一定要使用连词，表示各成份之间的关系。汉语的特点是表示各成份之间的关系。汉语的特点是“意合意合”,”,这种简洁性曾
45、被著名的美国语言学家爱德华这种简洁性曾被著名的美国语言学家爱德华.萨皮尔描绘为是一种萨皮尔描绘为是一种有着有着“合理的逻合理的逻 辑性辑性”的语言。的语言。英语行文重在英语行文重在“形合形合”.”.所以在该使用连词所以在该使用连词 andand 时决不可漏掉。时决不可漏掉。其它各种从属连词的其它各种从属连词的使用也很重要。使用也很重要。、我们是革命战争的领导者，组织者，我们又是群众生活的领导者，组织者。、我们是革命战争的领导者，组织者，我们又是群众生活的领导者，组织者。We are the leaders and organizers of the revolutionary wars as
46、well as the leaders and organizers of the life of theWe are the leaders and organizers of the revolutionary wars as well as the leaders and organizers of the life of themasses.(masses.(连词连词 and,as well asand,as well as 在这里一定要用在这里一定要用)、小伙子走了、小伙子走了.夕阳下夕阳下,她躺在草地上等着。她躺在草地上等着。The young man left,and she l
47、ay waiting on the grass in the evening sun.The young man left,and she lay waiting on the grass in the evening sun.(这里连词这里连词 andand 起了合句的作用起了合句的作用,合句与断句相对合句与断句相对,也是一种重要的翻译技巧也是一种重要的翻译技巧.).)、海洋覆盖了地球表面的海洋覆盖了地球表面的%,%,是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分,也是资源的宝库也是资源的宝库,环境的重要调节器环境的重要调节器.The ocean,which cov
48、ers 71%of the earths surface,is a basic component of the global bioThe ocean,which covers 71%of the earths surface,is a basic component of the global bio-support system.It is-support system.It isalso a treasure house of resources and an important regulator of the environment.also a treasure house of
49、 resources and an important regulator of the environment.(主语后面有三个并列的谓语主语后面有三个并列的谓语:覆盖了覆盖了,是是,也是也是.但仔细分析可看出但仔细分析可看出,“,“覆盖了地球表面的覆盖了地球表面的”说明了一个说明了一个人们已知的客观事实，句子的重点在后面。因此译文用了一个定语从句来处理前面的分句，而用谓语集中处理后人们已知的客观事实，句子的重点在后面。因此译文用了一个定语从句来处理前面的分句，而用谓语集中处理后半句的内容。半句的内容。)、中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的历史文化传统。这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进步获得
50、扬弃和发、中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的历史文化传统。这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进步获得扬弃和发展。展。In the prolonged course of its development,China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions,which haveIn the prolonged course of its development,China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions,which havebeen either deve