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1、 Strong Formand Weak Forms2021/9/271They haveall gone./hv/-/hf/It looks as white as snow./z/-/z/Givehimwhat hewants./him/-/im/2021/9/272 Which words are pronounced strongly/weakly?prep.to atart.an theconj.and butFunction wordauxiliary verb modal verbverb.goadv.away noun.ideaadj.clean num.twoNotional
2、 word Weak form Strong form2021/9/273Exception：pron.The following pronouns are always in weak formDo you wan(t)some tea?He tol(d)me that everybody was happy./t/-/t/Use his watch./hiz/-/iz/2021/9/274Samples of weak forms of wordswordstrong weak sentence can/kn/kn/Wha(t)can I do?and/nd/nd/war an(d)pea
3、ce to/tu:/t/She walks to school.but/bt/bt/Its goo(d)but expensive.2021/9/275 An“all-strong”pronunciation is unpleasant.克服讲英语字字清晰的问题克服讲英语字字清晰的问题 I told you that you have to finish it in a minute./ju/t/hf/t/in/2021/9/276Strong forms of words are used2021/9/277 Strong form and weak forms of words depen
4、d on the position of the words or the context.2021/9/278Linking2021/9/279 The phenomenon of joining words together is called linking.2021/9/2710Rule 1 Linking consonant to vowelWe write it like thisWe say it like thisturn off tur noff a lot of a lo tof went out wen tout2021/9/2711When a word ends in
5、 a consonant sound,we often move the consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel sound.2021/9/2712Rule 2 r/re+vowelWe write it like thisWe say it like thisanswer it answe rit matter of matter rof for an hour fo ra nhour2021/9/2713If the word ends with r or re,link the
6、 following vowel by adding the/r/sound2021/9/2714Rule 3 Linking vowel to vowelWe write it like thisWe say it like this too often too/w/often who is who/w/is do all do/w/all2021/9/2715结尾为圆唇结尾为圆唇/u:/、/u/，与后续元音之间加入与后续元音之间加入/w/2021/9/2716Rule 3 Linking vowel to vowelWe write it like thisWe say it like t
7、hisI am I/j/am Kay isKay/j/is the end the/j/end 2021/9/2717结尾为扁唇结尾为扁唇/i:/、/i/，与后续元音之间加入与后续元音之间加入/j/2021/9/2718 Try it1.Take a look at it.2.Forget about it.3.I feel ashamed when I have to speak in front of a lot of people.4.It is not as good as I had expected.5.There is no doubt about it.6.I will be
8、back in half an hour.2021/9/2719 English Rhythm2021/9/2720Sound changes 2021/9/2721Definition Rhythm one of the supra segmental features of language.It refers to the regularity of strong and weak stress in speech.The recurrence of sounds at regular interval of time.语音等时距地出现语音等时距地出现 音长、音强在语言中形成的规律性音长
9、、音强在语言中形成的规律性 （强弱、轻重）（强弱、轻重）2021/9/2722syllable-timed rhythmstress-timed rhythm2021/9/2723相思王维红豆生南国春来发几枝愿君多采撷此物最相思汉语：音节节拍汉语：音节节拍(syllable-timed rhythm)相思 王维红豆生南国春来发几枝愿君多采撷此物最相思2021/9/2724Chinese is regarded as syllable-timed rhythm.汉语的特点是语音上的一个音节在语意上能表达一种意汉语的特点是语音上的一个音节在语意上能表达一种意义，义，一个汉字一个一个汉字一个 音节一
10、个概念的一一对应结构。音节一个概念的一一对应结构。音节节拍音节节拍即每一个音节所占用的时间大致相等。汉语以双音节词即每一个音节所占用的时间大致相等。汉语以双音节词为主（红豆为主（红豆/南国南国/采撷采撷/相思）双音节词构成一个节奏单位，节相思）双音节词构成一个节奏单位，节奏单位之间间隔的时间大致相等。奏单位之间间隔的时间大致相等。（字字有声，铿锵有力）（字字有声，铿锵有力）2021/9/2725Rhythm in English speech is based on stress.Stress-timed rhythm refers to the time from each stressed
11、 syllable to the next will tend to be the same.(重读音节之间相隔的时间大致相等重读音节之间相隔的时间大致相等)English is considered as stress-timed rhythm.（重音节拍）（重音节拍）put it down and read aloud 2021/9/2726EnglandwasatwarwithAmerica.EnglandwasatwarwithAmerica.2021/9/2727Walk /down/the path/to the end of/the canal.0123LiaisonAssimi
12、lationLoss of plosionElision Weak forms of wordsUnstressed words in sentences Vowel in stressed wordsStrong form of wordsStressed words in sentences2021/9/2728汉英混用汉英混用 Tom wants to go to see a film.好好雨雨知知时节，时节，当当春春乃乃发生。发生。2021/9/27291.Sentence with 2 stressed syllables He told us a lie.2.Sentence wi
13、th 3 stressed syllables Shes gone for a walk in the park.3.Sentence with 4 stressed syllablesThey wanted to watch it again and again.2021/9/2730 Assimilation2021/9/2731We write it like thisWe say it like thisneed you /ni:du:/miss you /mi:u:/want you /wntu:/hold you /huldu:/kiss you /kiu:/Anything ch
14、anged between the neighboring sounds?2021/9/2732 Assimilation In connected speech under the influence of the neighbors,sounds are replaced by another sound.Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both the original sounds.Assimil
15、ation makes the pronunciation easier.sound a sound b sound asound bc2021/9/2733 news paper Examples /z p/newspaper /s p/c miss you/mi:u:/mis ju:/2021/9/2734 Classificationif cf changes into ci,ci effects cf regressive assimilation 逆同化逆同化 -cf/ci-cf/ci-used d t to used t t to -cf/ci-if ci changes to c
16、f,cf effects ci progressive assimilation 顺顺同化同化2021/9/2735 Classification situation /t/+/j/-/t/last year,next yard sound a sound bcThe two sounds influence each other,and then form a new one.double assimilation 相互同化相互同化student education /d/+/j/-/d/would you,hold you2021/9/2736 Rule 1have to /hv tu/h
17、f t/food for supper /fud f/fut f/has two /hz tu:/hs tu:/voiced voicelessEASIER2021/9/2737 Rule 2ten minutes /tenminits/temminits/right place /rait pleis/raip pleis/good-bye /gud bai/gub bai/alveolar bi-labial/n t d/m p b/EASIER2021/9/2738 Rule 3 kiss you /s/+/j/wheres yours /z/+/j/want you /t/+/j/t/
18、told you /d/+/j/-/d/EASIER2021/9/2739Elision2021/9/2740Listenanddecide1.victory A B2.every A B3.medicine A B4.building A B5.island A B6.fasten A B2021/9/2741ElisionAt a junction of words under the influence of the context,some sounds will disappear.lot o(f)peopleOne sound can be omitted in a word.fa
19、ct(o)ry 2 1Elision is the omission of sound or sounds.EASIER2021/9/2742Classification Historical elision:a sound in the early form of a word is omitted in a later one.Fixed vs.Changed 1Loss of vowelsA extraordinary E every interest studentI medicine business O victory buttonU build 2021/9/2743B bomb
20、 doubt G assign foreign H ghost rhythmK knee knife N colmn autumn S island viscount2021/9/2744Classification contextual elision2 potato today/pteitu/tdei/ph teitu/thdei/2021/9/2745Rule1 loss of vowel after/p t k/How：The aspiration of the initial plosive will take up the whole part of the syllable.to
21、morrow EASIER2021/9/2746Classification Contextual elision2 most of them a piece of news/must v m/pi:s v nju:z/must m/pi:s nju:z/2021/9/2747Rule2EASIERLoss of final v in“of”before Consonant many of us many o(f)the girls 2021/9/2748Classification Contextual elision2 George the sixths throne/sikss/sik/
22、2021/9/2749Rule3 3 plosives 2 plosives+1 fricativethe middle sound will disappear looked back /lu ktb k/lu kb k/scripts /skripts/skrips/EASIER2021/9/2750 Stress2021/9/2751 higherpitch stresslonger lengthlouder volumeStressed syllables are more prominent than unstressed syllables.2021/9/2752In a stre
23、ssed syllable,vowel sound should be louder,longer,clearer,and higher pitched.（重读发生在重读音节的重读发生在重读音节的元音元音之上）之上）Which sound can be heard clearly in a stressed syllable?h o s pi tal/arounduniversity philosophyobject 2021/9/2753 a.round pitch _._ highest_ lowest The loudest soundau can be heard clearly.In
24、 a stressed syllable,the center which is a vowel should be produced in a loudest way.（重读发生在重读音节的重读发生在重读音节的元音元音之上）之上）agriculture hospital university philosophy 2021/9/2754three-syllable words:English word stress learning strategies:stress patterns two-syllable wordsdada dadaready country farmer technic aboveadmit arrange release dadadadadadatechnician cohesion professordadadaemployee refugee pioneerindustry simplify interesting 2021/9/2755