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1、UnitlEx. 1 Answer the following questions according to Text A.1. If you ask about artificial intelligence to an AI researcher, what would he say?If you ask about artificial intelligence to an AI researcher, he would say that its a set of algorithms that can produce results without having to be expli
2、citly instiucted to do so.2. What is artificial intelligence at its core?At the core of artificial intelligence, it is a branch of computer science that aims to create or replicate human intelligence in machines.3. What is the goal of ailificial intelligence?The goal of ailificial intelligence is to
3、 aid human capabilities and help us make advanced decisions with for-rcaching consequences.4. What are the examples of weak or nairow AI?Examples of weak or narrow AI are Siri, Alexa, Cortana, IBMs Watson, self-driving cars, facial recognition softwares, E-mail spam filters, and prediction tools.5.
4、What does artificial general intelligence refer to?Artificial general intelligence refers to the concept through which machines can mimic human intelligence while showcasing the ability to apply their intelligence to solve problems.6. Wliat is supcrintelligence currently?Currently, super-intelligenc
5、e is just a hypothetical concept. People assume that it may be possible to develop such an artificial intelligence in the future, but it doesnt exist in the current world.7. What would be the overall goal of artificial intelligence?The overall goal of artificial intelligence would be to allow machin
6、es and computers to leam and function intelligently.8. Wliat are some of the other goals of AI?Some of the other goals of AI are problem-solving, knowledge representation, planning, learning, and social intelligence.9. What have we always been fascinated by? What has artificial intelligence emerged
7、to be?We have always been fascinated by technological changes. Artificial intelligence has emerged to be the net greatest advancement in the field of technology.10. According to the World Economic Fomm, how many new jobs are said to be created by artificial intelligence by the year 2024? What is the
8、 future of Al?According to the World Economic Forum, 133 million new jobs are said to be created by artificial intelligence by the year 2024. The future of AI is definitely brightThe advantages of non-monotonic reasoning are as follows.For real-world systems such as robot navigation, we can use non-
9、monotonic reasoning.In non-monotonic reasoning, we can choose probabilistic facts or can make assumptions.Ex. 2 Answer the following questions according to Text B.1. What is fussy logic?Fuzzy logic is a computing approach based on “Degree of Truth“ and is not limited to boolean “true or false,How ma
10、ny major components does the fuzzy logic system have? What are they?The fuzzy logic system has four major components. They are mles, fuzzification, inference engine and defuzzificationWhat does rule base consist of?Rule base consists of a large set of rules programmed and fed by experts that govern
11、the decision making in the fuzzy system.2. What does inference engine do? And how?Inference engine helps in mapping rules to the input dataset and thereby decide which nales are to be applied for a given input. It does so by calculating the % match of the rules for the given input.3. Wliat does the
12、membership function define?The membership function defines how input in the fuzzy system is mapped to values between 0 and 1.4. Wlien is fuzzy logic especially useful? What is it designed to do?Fuzzy logic is especially useful when you want to mimic human-like thinking in a control system. It is des
13、igned to deal with uncertainties and is proficient in finding out inference from the conclusion.5. What does algorithm of fuzzy logic system define?It defines all the variables and tenns which will be acting as input in the fuzzy system.6. What does Nippon Steel use fiizzy logic to do?Nippon Steel u
14、ses fuzzy logic to decide the proportion in which different cement types should be mixed to make more durable cement.7. What is the first advantage of the fuzzy logic system mentioned in the passage?The first advantage of the fuzzy logic system mentioned in the passage is that fuzzy logic can work w
15、ith any kind of input even if it is unstructured, distorted, imprecise or contain noise.8. What is the last disadvantages of the fuzzy logic system mentioned in (he passage?The last disadvantages of the fuzzy logic system mentioned in the passage is that due to the lack of standardization, there is
16、no one fixed way to find iules and membership flinctions for the givenproblem. Therefore, at times it becomes difficult to find exact rules and membership functions for some problems.Ex. 3 Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese.1.abductiveL a期溯因的；诱导的2.confimationZ n.证实；确认
17、3.deductive3a推论的，演绎的4.inductive4 ac|j.归纳的；归纳法的5.infer5. v.推断，推理6.abductive reasoning6溯因推理7.bottom-up reasoning7自底向上推理mon sense reasoning&常识推理9.non-monotonic reasoning9.非单调推理10, architecture diagram10体系结构图Ex. 4 Translate the following terms or phrases from Chinese into English.1.n.前提1.premise2.n.推测,设
18、想2.presumption3.adj.基于概率的；盖然论的3.probabilistic4.n.判断4.sentence5.adj.布尔的5.boolean6.模糊集合6.fuzzy set7.推理机，推理工具7.inference engine8.集合论8.set theory9.模糊逻辑系统9.fuzzy logic system0.命题逻辑 propositional logicEx. 5 Translate the following passage into Chinese.推理机推理机是人工智能系统的组成局部，它们将逻辑规那么应用于知识图（或知识库）以揭 示新的事实和关系。推理机
19、可以通过归纳或演绎实现。近年来，利用机器学习、机器视觉 和自然语言处理来推断实体之间关系的过程，使知识图和关系数据库的规模和价值呈指数 级增长。历史匕推理机作为专家系统中的组件出现，这些系统旨在模拟人类专家在给定领域内解决问题的能力。许多推理机中用于推断新知识的两种方法包括后向链接和前向链接推理方法。 反向链接推理方法从假设列表开始，然后反向工作以查看数据一旦插入规那么，是否还 支持这些假设。简而言之，反向链接强调了哪些事实必须是真实的才能支持假设。 正向链接推理方法从现有数据开始，并利用规那么来推断新数据。简而言之，正向链接 从事实开始，并使用它们来创立新事实。反向和正向链接推理都根据演绎推
20、理的假言形式进行。换句话说，如果X为真，那么 Y为真。X为真，因此Y必须为真。在许多当代的AI应用程序中，反向链接和正向链接都应用在所谓的机会推理中。按照最简单的形式，推理机执行的操作通常会经历三个阶段：匹配规那么、选择规那么、 执行规那么。 匹配规那么：是一种操作，推理机可在其中找到由知识库内容触发的所有规那么。 选择规那么：是一个操作，它区分应该应用哪个顺序规那么（这将因正向或反向链接或其 他机器学习输入而不同）。 执行规那么：通过正向或反向链接将规那么应用于现有知识。一旦执行规那么完成，将重新启动匹配规那么，直到不再有任何机会进行正向或反向链推 演。Unit 4Ex. 1 Answer
21、the following questions according to Text A.1. What does inibnned search require to search/traverse the search space and reach the goal node? Informed search requires domain knowledge and the details provided in problem definition to search/traverse the search space and reach the goal node.2. What d
22、oes informed search algorithm contain in short?Informed search algorithm, in short, contains an aiTay of knowledge, like distance to the goal, path cost, steps to reach the goal node, among others,What is path cost?Path cost is a numerical tenn assigned to measure the numeric cost of the path taken
23、to achieve the goal.3. What is heuristic function? What does it do?Heuristic fiinction is a fiinction used to measure how close our current state is to the goal state. It uses heuristic properties to find out the best possible path with respect to path cost to achieve the goal state.4. How does pure
24、 heuristic search expand nodes? What are the two lists it maintains?Pure heuristic search expands nodes based on their heuristic value h(n). The two lists it maintains OPEN list and CLOSED list.5. What does best-first search algorithm always do?Best-first search algorithm always selects the path whi
25、ch appears best at that moment.6. What are the advmitages of best-first search?The advantages of best-first search are: Best first-search can switch between BFS and DFS by gaining the advantages of both the algorithms. This algorithm is more efficient than BFS and DFS algorithms.8.What is A* searchA
26、* search is the most commonly known form of best-first search. It uses heuristic function h(n), and cost to reach the node n from the start stale g(n).9. What arc the advantages of A* search algorithm?The advantages of A* search algorithm are: A* search algorithm is the best algorithm compared with
27、search algorithms. A* search algorithm is optimal and complete. Tliis algorithm can solve very complex problems.10. What is the main drawback of A* seaich algorithm? Why?The main drawback of A* search algorithm is memory requirement as it keeps all generated nodes in the memory.Ex. 2 Answer the foll
28、owing questions according to Text B.1. What is uninformed search?Uninformed search is a class of general-purpose search algorithms which operates in a brute force way.2. Why is uninformed search also called blind search?Uninfbnned search algorithms do not have additional infbnnation about state or s
29、earch space other than how to traverse the tree, so it is also called blind search.3. What is breadth-first search? Why is it called so?Breadtli-first search is the most common search strategy for traversing a tree or graph. This algorithm searches breadthwise in a tree or graph, so it is called bre
30、adth-first search.4. What are tlie advantages ofBFS?BFS will provide a solution if any solution exists. If there are more than one solutions for a given problem, then BFS will provide the minimal solution which requires the least number of steps.5. What is deptli-first search? Why is it called so?De
31、pth-first search is a recursive algorithm for traversing a tiee or graph data structure. It is called the depth-first search because it starts from die root node and follows each path to its greatest depth node before moving to the next path.6. What is the disadvantage ofDFS?There is the possibility
32、 that many states keep re-occurring, tmd there is no guarantee of finding the solution. DFS algorithm goes for deep down searching and sometime it may go to the infinite loop.7. What can depth-limited search do? What is the advantage of depth-limited search?Depth-limited search can solve the drawbac
33、k of the infinite path in the depth-first search. The advantage of depth-limited search is memory efficient.8. What is the primary goal of the unifoim cost search? Wliy is it optimal?The primary goal of the unilbnn cost search is to find a path to the goal node which has the lowest cumulative cost.
34、It is optimal because at every state the path with the least cost is chosen.9. What is the itenitive deepening algorithm? When is it a useful uninfbnned search?The iterative deepening algorithm is a combination of DFS and BFS algorithms. It is a useflil uninformed search when search space is laie, a
35、nd depth of goal node is unknown.1(). What are the two simultaneous searches bidirectional search algorithm runs? Wliat are its disadvantages?Bidirectional search algorithm runs two simultaneous searches, one from initial state called as forward search and other from goal node called as backward sea
36、rch. Its disadvantages areimplementation of the bidirectional search tree is diflicult and in bidirectional search, one should know the goal state in advance.Ex. 3 Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese.1.algorithm1.n.算法plete2.Mj.完全的，完整的3.evaluation3.n.评估，评价4.iteration4.n
37、.迭代；循环5.loop5.d循环6.best-first search6.最正确优先搜索7.greedy best-first search7.贪婪最正确优先搜索8.pure heuristic search8.纯启发式搜索9.current location9.当前位置heuristic function10启发函数Ex. 4 Translate the following terms or phrases from Chinese into English.1.n冽表;清单L list2.n.节点2. node3.n.优先级，优先权， . pnonty4.n.队列4f queue5.v.
38、&n.搜索5。search6.初始状态，初态6 initial state7.路径本钱7, path cost8.目标节点goal node9.搜索树Qfz search tree10反向搜索1。backward searchEx. 5 Translate the following passage into Chinese.遗传算法遗传算法是一种用于人工智能和计算的启发式搜索方法。它用于根据自然选择和进化 生物学理论来寻找搜索问题的优化解决方案。遗传算法非常适合搜索大型和复杂的数据集。 它们被认为能够为复杂问题找到合理的解决方案，因为它们具有解决无约束和约束优化问 题的良好能力。遗传算法利用
39、了进化生物学中的技术，例如选择、突变、遗传和重组来解决问题。遗传算法中最常用的方法是从给定的种群中随机创立一组个体。这样形成的个体在程序员提 供的评估函数的帮助下进行评估。然后为每个个体提供一个分数，该分数间接突出显示了 对给定情况的适应性。然后，使用最好的两个个体来创立一个或多个后代，然后对后代进 行随机突变。根据应用程序的需要，该过程将继续进行，直到得出可接受的解决方案或经 过一定数量的代为止。遗传算法与经典的基于导数的优化算法在两个方面有所不同：遗传算法在每次迭代中生成大量点，而经典算法在每次迭代中生成单个点。遗传算法通过使用随机数生成器进行计算来选择下一个种群,而经典算法通过确定性 计
40、算来选择下一个点。与传统的人工智能相比，遗传算法具有许多优势。它更健壮，而且不易因输入的微小 变化或噪声的存在而崩溃。遗传算法广泛用于许多领域，例如机器人技术、汽车设计、优化的电信通信路由、工程设 计和计算机辅助设计。Unit 5Ex. 1 Answer the following questions according to Text A.1. What is an expert system? How does it perform this?An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve complex p
41、roblems and to provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It perfbnns this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using the reasoning and inference rules according to the user queries.2. What is the performance of an expert system based on?The performance of an expert system is ba
42、sed on the experts knowledge stored in its knowledge base.3. What are the characteristics of expert system?The characteristics of expert system are high perfbmiance, understandable, reliable and highly responsive.4. What does an expert system mainly consist of?An expert system mainly consists of thr
43、ee components: user inteiiace, inference engine, and knowledge base.5. Why is the inference engine known as the brain of the expert system? What are the two types of inference engine?The inference engine is known as the brain of the expert system because it is the main processing unit of the system.
44、 The two types of inference engine are detenninistic inference engine and probabilistic inference engine.6. What are the components of knowledge base?The components of knowledge base are factual knowledge, heuristic knowledge, knowledge representation and knowledge acquisitionsHow many primary parti
45、cipants in the building of expert system are there? Wliat are they?There are three primary participants in the building of expert system. They are expert, knowledge engineer and end user.7. What are tlie capabilities of expert system?Capabilities of expert system are advising, providing decision-mak
46、ing capabilities, demonstrating a device, problem-solving, explaining a problem, interpreting the input, predicting results and diagnosisWhen may the response of the expert system gel wrong ?The response of the expert system may get wrong if the knowledge base contains the wrong information.8. What
47、is expert system used to do in the finance industries?In the finance industries, it is used to detect any type of possible fraud, suspicious activity, andadvise bankers that if tliey should provide loans for business or not.Ex. 2 Fill in the following blanks according to Text B.1. Computer vision is a field of study which enables to replicate . Its a subset of which collects infbnnation from or videos and processes puters, the human visual system, mtificial intelligence, digital imagesAutomatic cars aim at reducing the need for while driving, through . Computer vision