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1、考点46 阅读理解之议论文议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。二、解题方法：一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨 标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框
2、架一般都很清晰，多采用总分总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。 二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解 除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相
3、应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。 三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图 做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段
4、与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的潜台词。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。 四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧
5、由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。 总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自
6、主学习的能力。ASome English words have more than one meaning. These are called multi-meaning words. Multi-meaning words have the same pronunciation with different meanings. For example, lets look at the word ball. You could have a ball which means you would have a good time. You could toss a ball which mea
7、ns you throw an object. You could be on the ball which means you know what is happening. You could go to a ball which means a dance._ Take the word can. You can ride a bike which means you are able to ride a bike. You have a can of soup which means the soup is in a round-shaped holder. You can do th
8、e can-can which is a dance from the 1920s. And you might get canned if you do a poor job at work, which means you might lose your job.How about fly? You can fly an airplane or you can hit a fly that is on your food in your house. Or, you can fly by the seat of your pants which means you dont make a
9、plan before taking an action. And, you know that the fly of a zipper is the top part of the zipper.There are hundreds of words that are multi-meaning words. The word set has more meanings than any other word in the English language. When you have time, why dont you try to think of all the ways the w
10、ord set is used?If, you look at the title of this book Can a Fly, Fly? you know that the answer is Yes because you have seen an insect named a fly go up in the air and move around through the air which is what fly means. Can a Fly, Fly? Of course, it can!1. If Tom is often late for work and fails to
11、 finish his tasks, he will . A. do the can-can B. get canned C. be on the ball D. go to a ball2. Which of the following is the best sentence to fill in the blank in Paragraph 2? A. Lets try another word. B. Lets make a word list. C. Heres a survey report. D. Heres the guessing game.3. The writer wri
12、tes the passage in order to _. A. tell a story about learning English words B. introduce a book on learning English words C. share an experience in learning English words D. present different pronunciations of the same wordBSmartphone, poor sightLook around and youll see people busy on their smart p
13、hones. Smart phones do make our lives easier. But have you ever thought about what they mean to your eyes?According to a study, half of British people own smart phones and they spend an average of two hours a day using them. There has been a 35% increase in the number of people in the UK who suffer
14、from shortsightedness since smart phones were introduced there in 1997. Staring at smart phones for a long time gives you dry eyes. When looking at something in the distance, your eyes automatically blink a certain number of times. However, when you look at things closer to your face, the blinking s
15、lows down. This reduces the amount of tears and causes discomfort in your eyes. Another bad habit is using smart phones in dark rooms before going to sleep. If you look at a bright screen while your pupils become larger, too much light enters your eyes. This can do harm to the eyes and cause a disea
16、se called glaucoma. While youre probably not going to stop using to your smart phone, there are a few things you can do to protect your eyes. Hold your phone at least 30 continues away from your eyes when using it. Take a break every hour and try the following: look at something at least five meters
17、 from you and then focus on the tip of your nose. Repeat this several times. It should reduce the discomfort in your eyes.1. The article is mainly about _. A. the rules to obey when using smart phones B. the harm that smart phones do to users eyes C. the reason why teenager get shortsightedness D. a
18、dvantages and disadvantages of smart phones2. From Paragraph 2, we learn that _.A. half of the British people began to use smart phones 17 years agoB. each of the British people spends two hours a day on smart phonesC. more British people have suffered from shortsightedness since 1997D. the number o
19、f British people who own smart phones increases by 35%3. According to Paragraph 3, using smart phones improperly may cause _.A. too many blinks B. more tears in the eyesC. smaller pupils D. dry eyes and glaucoma4. Which of the following is suggested by the writer?A. Dont use the phone for over an ho
20、ur without a break.B. Hold the phone at learn half a meter away from the eyes.C. Turn off your phone for a couple of hours every day.D. Look at something green far away for several minutes.5. This article is written to advise people_.A. not to buy smart phones B. to stop using smart phonesC. to make
21、 full use of smart phones D. to use smart phones properly（一）【2019 重庆市中考A卷】Fights at school sometimes happen. But how can you keep away from a fight? Heres something you can do.Be calm(冷静). Sometimes, you feel so angry that you really want to teach somebody a lesson. But being angry cant solve proble
22、ms. Neither can a fight. Instead, it may bring you more problems. In the school, everyone involved(卷入) in a fight will be punished, no matter who started it. There are winners in a fight.Shout loudly. If you know someone is coming up behind you to attack, turn toward the person with your hands up in
23、 front of your body and loudly say stop before walking away. Loud voice can usually make the attacker calm down. If the person doesnt stop, cry for help by calling out the name of a teacher whose office is nearby._ Your friend may ask you to join in a fight. Learn to say no. Helping him fight is not
24、 really helpful to him. If you really want to give him a hand, try to ask him to give it up. Also, you can tell him if he gets involved in a fight, he may get hurt and be punished. Then, try to learn why he wants a fight and help him find a right way to deal with the problem.1. The underlined word a
25、ttack in Paragraph 3 means _ in Chinese.A. 拥抱B. 攻击C. 阻止D. 吸引2. Which of the following sentences can be put in the _?A. Face bravely.B. Join in a fight.C. Learn to refuse.D. Talk to someone.3. The passage is written to _.A. help students keep away from fightsB. warn students not to fightC. advise stu
26、dents to help each otherD. encourage students to work hard4. The passage is written in a/an _ tone(语气).A. sadB. angryC. seriousD. crazy（二）【2019 浙江省金华、义乌、丽水市】In the park, you see a group of people, all looking up at the sky. Without thinking about it, you look upwards, too. Why? In the concert, someo
27、ne begins to clap and suddenly the whole room joins in. You do, too. Why?Sometimes we feel we are acting correctly when we do the same as others. The more people follow an idea, the better or truer we think the idea is. Its the social proof(社会认同感) that works.The scientist Asch carried out an experim
28、ent. It shows how social proof can influence us. In a room, a man is shown Line 1, and next to it are three lines(A, B, C). A is longer, C is shorter and B is as long as Line 1. He must tell which of the three lines is as long as Line 1. When the man is alone, he gives the correct answer B. Then, fi
29、ve other man enter the room, and each of them gives the answer C as they were told to. Now the man changes his idea and gives the answer C. Asch got the same result many times among different subjects(实验对象).Why do we act like this? Well, in the past, following others was a way to keep away from dang
30、er. Suppose that 5000 years ago you were hunting(打猎) with friends. Suddenly, they all ran away. What would you have done? Would you have stayed? No, you would have run, too. We are descendants(后代) of those who copied others action. It is so deeply planted in our mind that we still use it now.Social
31、proof has special power. The advertising industry, for example, often makes use of it. So be careful whenever a company says its product is the most popular.5. At the beginning of the passage, the writer leads in the topic by _.A. telling a storyB. giving examplesC. answering questionsD. showing a m
32、ap6. According to Paragraph 3, the experiment by Asch shows _.A. following others is always rightB. social proof may change peoples ideasC. its difficult to carry out the experimentD. people can study better if they are alone7. The underlined word It in Paragraph 4 refers to _.A. running with others
33、B. hunting with friendsC. copying others actionD. doing something different8. According to the passage, we can infer(推断) that _.A. its important to run with others anytimeB. products in the advertisement are the bestC. we mustnt copy others action to keep safeD. we need to think twice before followi
34、ng others（三）【2019 浙江省衢州市】Texting while driving is against the law in 47 states. But what about texting while walking? A 2018 study reported that more than 2, 500 people in the US ended up in hospitals resulting from using a mobile device(设备) while walking.Hawaii passed a law making it illegal(违法的) t
35、o text or look down at a mobile device while crossing the street. It is the first state with a law like this. Do people think more places should accept such a law? The LA Times did a survey. Here are some replies they received.Rena Jose, 2, New YorkWhich is more important, texting or safety? If you
36、are looking at your phone while walking, you might not see a car come or traffic lights turn red. It can be very dangerous. For example, in Japan, one person fell into a lake and another got her leg stuck in a hole, because both had their mind on their phone. We should make texting while crossing th
37、e street illegal in more cities.Andy Selvam, 55, California People do many things that cause injury to themselves but are not illegal, such as climbing mountains, driving cars, swimming and so on. People might get hurt from texting and walking if theyre not paying attention. But I still think they s
38、hould have a choice.Bob Madigan, 45, OregonAs humans, we can make our own decisions. Im not saying its safe, but we dont need the government to babysit us. If we want to learn to make smart decisions, the government needs to stop telling us what to do. After all, this is a free country.Andrew Black,
39、 34, AlaskaThis law is a good ideacompare this protection with seat belts. If this law is passed all over US, people will be worried. But is there really a way to please everyone? This would not be for fun. It would be safe and good for all Americans.9. According to the passage, in _, it is against
40、the law if people text while crossing the street.A. AlaskaB. CaliforniaC. HawaiiD. New York10. The LA Times did the survey most probably to _.A. win the hearts of more readersB. encourage more states to pass the lawC. ask readers if they agree with texting while drivingD. learn about peoples opinion
41、s on texting while walking11. In Renas reply, she showed the danger of texting while walking by _.A. using numbersB. giving examplesC. asking questionsD. telling stories12. Which of the following is Andrew Blacks opinion?A. Texting is more important than safety.B. The law would help to keep American
42、s safe.C. Its easy to please everyone when passing a law.D. Whether to text or not while walking is peoples own choice.（四）（2018四川广安市中考）Different weather makes people feel different. It influences health, intelligence(智力) and feelings.In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the Unit
43、ed States. People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month. In the Northeast and the Middle West, it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times. People in these states have more heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.The weather
44、can also influence intelligence. For example, in a scientific report, IQ(智商) of a group of students was very high when a very strong wind came, but after the strong wind, their IQ was 10% below. The wind can help people have more intelligence. Very hot weather, on the other hand(另一方面), can make it l
45、ower. Students in many schools of the United States often get worse on exams in the hot months of the year (July and August).Weather also has a strong influence on peoples feelings. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually feel cold during these months. They might feel unhappy during c
46、old weather. But fat people may have a hard time in hot summer. At about 18 , people become stronger.Low air pressure(气压) may make people forgetful People leave more bags on buses and in shops on low-pressure days. There is a "good weather" for health. People feel best at a temperature of
47、about 18.Are you feeling sad, tired, forgetful, or unhappy today? It may be the weathers problem.31. What kind of weather can have a bad effect(影响) on health?A. Hot and wet weather.B. Good weather.C. Warm weather.D. High intelligence.32. When may people have more intelligence?A. When a rain comes.B. When very hot weather comes.C. When a strong wind comes.D. When low air pressure comes.33. How may low air pressure make people feel?A. Forgetful.B. Sad.C. Angry.D. Tired.34. What will happen to people in "good weather" of 18?A.