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1、专题03名词精讲名词名词表示人载事物的名称,可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或与介词构成介词短语等它遍布在单项选择、完形填空、词汇等考项中,因而掌握名词的用法是很重要的。考生要能够在在一定语境中进行名词的词义辨析;名词与介词构成的介词短语;名词所有格的构成及用法;名词作定语的形式;名词作主语时与谓语动词的主谓一致性。一、名词复数形式规则变化 名词有可数名词和不可数名词之分。而可数名词又有单数和复数之分。 (1)一般情况下,在词尾直接加-s,如:books,caps,trees。 (2)以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es,如:glasses,boxes,watches,brush
2、es。 (3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,把y改为i,再加-es。如:stories, countries。 (4)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但中学英语中下列名词要加-es,它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。 但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos ( mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos ( volcanoes)火山。 (5)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般直接加-s,但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需把f
3、或fe去掉,加-ves,它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,loaves,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后加-es,也可以直接在f后加-s,它们是:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕,scarfs(scarves)围巾。 (6)合成名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。如:sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;st
4、orytellers讲故事的人;housewives家庭主妇。 (7)“man /woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man /woman和中心词都要变复数。如:men teachers男老师,women engineers女工程师。二、不规则复数形式 (1)变内部元音:foot-feet脚 man-men男人 woman-women女tooth-teeth牙 mouse-mice老鼠 goose-geese鹅 gentleman-gentlemen绅士 (2)单复数同形的名词:sheep绵羊 deer鹿 spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese中国人 Japanese
5、日本人 Swiss瑞士人 means方法 crossroads十字路口 headquarters总部 series系列 species种类 works工厂 head头(量词) (3)外来名词的复数形式:criterion-criteria标准 phenomenon-phenomena现象 analysis-analyses 分析 basis-bases基础 crisis-crises 危机thesis-theses论文易错警示 注意: (1)表示“某个国家的人”的名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。如:a Chinese(一个中国人),two Chinese(两个中国人);an America
6、n(一个美国人),two Americans(两个美国人)。 (2) English, French等集合名词,不可以说an English, two English等,而只能说an Englishman(一个英国人),two Englishmen(两个英国人)等。三、名词单、复数的一些习惯用法 (1)有些名词一般只用复数形式。常见的有trousers(裤子),glasses(眼镜),clothes(衣服),stairs(楼梯),chopsticks(筷子)等。 She always made clothes for family and friends. (2)有些以-s结尾的名词,它们不是
7、名词的复数。常见的有maths(数学),physics(物理),politics(政治),works(作品),means(方法),news(新闻)。 Maths is one of the most popular subjects in our class.在我们班数学是最受欢迎的学科之一。 (3)有些名词(如:people, police等)指多数人,应看作复数。 You may feel comfortable with some people.你与一些人在一起也许会感觉舒服。 The police are looking for the missing child.等察正在寻找那个丢失
8、的孩子。 (4)集体名词既可以作单数,也可以作复数。集体名词看作整体时,应为单数;若看作整体中的各个成员时,应为复数。比如class, team, committee, club, army, family, group, youth, government, crew My family is a big one.我们家是个大家庭。(指整体) When he came in, my family were watching TV.当他进来时,我们家人在看电视。 The football team is very good.这个足球队很好。 The team are bathing.队员们在洗
9、澡。 (5)有些名词通常用作单数,表示总体,如hair头发,fruit水果,vegetable蔬菜等,但如果表示若干根头发,若干种水果、蔬菜时,则需用它们的复数形式。 My mother's hair is gray.我妈妈的头发花白了。 She has a few white hairs.她有一些白头发。 The fruit is ripening. 果子在成熟。 Her daughter likes pears, peaches and other juicy fruits.她女儿喜欢吃梨、桃和其他多汁水果。 (6)同一名词,既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词,但意思不同,如:beau
10、ty, chicken, change, exercise 等等 (7)有些可数名词,单复数意思也不相同,如:people, game, compass,manner等四、不可数名词的数 不可数名词前不能直接加基数词来计量,其计量方法有两种: (1)可以在不可数名词前加little , a little, much , a lot of , lots of , some , any, plenty of , a good /great deal of , a bit of , most等修饰词或短语来计量。 (2)也可以在不可数名词前加单位词来计量,其结构为“基数词+单位词+of+不可数名词”
11、。当数量超过一时,单位词也要用复数。 常用来对不可数名词计责的由单位词构成的短语有: a piece of bread/meat一块面包/肉 two pieces of paper两张纸 three bottles of orange三瓶橘汁 four glasses of milk四杯牛奶 five drops of water五滴水 six bags of rice六袋大米 ten cups of tea十杯茶 a sheet of paper一张纸 a loaf of bread一片面包 a grain of rice一粒米 a cake of soap一块肥皂 an ear of wh
12、eat一穗小麦 two bottles of ink两瓶墨水 a piece of advice一条建议(忠告) a slice of meat一片肉 a lump of sugar一块糖 a bar of chocolate一块巧克力 a block of coal一块煤 a sum of money一笔钱 a set of books一套书 a row of houses一排房子 a copy of On Practice一本实践论 a group of monkeys一群猴子 a team of players一队运动员 a line of students一行学生 a suit of
13、clothes一套衣服 a bunch of flowers一束花 a pocket of cigarettes一包烟 baskets of apples几篮子苹果 五、名词所有格 (1)基本概念 名词的格是指名词所具有的形式及其变化,表示名词在句中与其他词的关系。 普通格一名词本身 主格:在句中作主语、表语和独立成分等的形式。 名词的格 宾格:在句中作宾语的形式。 of所有格 所有格 's所有格 一般表示名词与名词之间的“所有”关系时的形式, 双重所有格 一般在句中作定语。 例如:The desk is mine. 这张桌子是我的。(主格一主语) The man is my teac
14、her.那个人是我的老师。(主格一表语) Come in, Tom.进来,汤姆。(主格一独立成分) This is a map of China.这是一张中国地图。( of所有格一定语) June 1st is Children's Day.六月一日是儿童节。('s所有格一定语) They are my father's friends. 他们是我父亲的朋友。('s所有格一定语) I met a friend of my father's.我遇见我爸爸的一位老朋友。(双重所有格一定语) (2)名词的's所有格 主要用在有生命的名词后,但有时也可用
15、在表示时间、自然现象、度量衡、价值、国家、城市等无生命的名词后面。注意:英语中如何表共有? (1)表示几个人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后加“'s”。Tom and Jim's room: Tom和Jim的房间(共有)。 (2)表示每个人各自拥有,在每个名词后加“'s”。 Kate's and Mary's books: Kate和Mary的书(不共有)。六、名词的of所有格七、名词的双重所有格注意:(1)名词所有格后面跟表示住宅、学校、店铺等的名词时,名词习惯上可省略。如:at the barber's(shop)在理发店;at the doct
16、or's(office)在医院;at the booksellers(store)在书店;at the Whites'( home)在怀特夫妇的家里。 (2)常见的名词后缀; -er/-r(如:traveller旅行者;hunter猎人) -or(如: director指导者,导演;inventor发明者,发明家) -ese(如:Chinese中国人;Japanese日本人) -ist(如:artist艺术家;pianist钢琴家;socialist社会主义者) -ment(如:movement移动,运动;judgement判断,判决;agreement同意,协议) -ion/
17、-sion/-tion(如:operation运转,手术;decision决定,决心;invitation邀请,请帖) -hood(如:boyhood少年时代;girlhood少女时期) -ness(如:kindness亲切,善良;illness疾病) -th(如:truth真理;youth年轻人,青春)精练名词( )1.Will you please give us on how to do our ? A. an advice; homework B. some advice; homework C. a piece of advise; homework D. any advices;
18、homeworks( )2.Yesterday he told me news. A. a good B. such a good C. so good a D. a good piece of( )3.Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous in American . A. symbol; culture B. symbol; cultures C. symbols; culture D. symbols; cultures( )4.Health is important for us teenagers, so we should eat more v
19、egetables such as_to keep healthy. A. tomatoes and potatoes B. tomatos and potatos C. tomatos and potatoes( )5.一I'm told your class has 3 newcomers. 一Yes. One is a ,and the other two are . A. Japan; Germany B. Japanese; German C. Japanese; Germans D. Japanese; Germen( )6.一What did you have for d
20、inner yesterday? 一I ate and Kate drank a glass of juice. A. an orange; an orange B. orange; orange C. orange; an orange D. an orange; orange( )7.I paid ¥10 for this morning. B A. 4 bottle milks B. 4 bottles of milk C. 4 bottles of milks D. 4 milk( )8.I'm so hungry. Please give me . A. three brea
21、ds B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads D. three piece of bread( )9.I live near the station. It's only about five walk. A. minute's B. minute C. minutes' D. minutes( )10.一Look at that photo,what a happy family! 一Yes,it's a photo my family. A. at B. for C. of D. in( )11.
22、一Who told you such thing? 一 . 一If he says that, he is not . A. A friend of my brother's; a friend of your brother B. A friend of my brother; a friend of your brother's C. My brother's friend; a friend of your brotherD. My brother's one friend; a friend of your brother()12. As the num
23、ber of students wearing glasses is growing bigger, we should protect our_A. eyes B. ears C. nose D. mouth()13. Reading the first _ of each paragraph before you read the whole text helps you get the main idea quickly.A. letter B. word C. sentence()14.I have a bad cold.Sorry to hear that. You'd be
24、tter go to see a _ at once.A. doctor B. cook C. writer D. farmer()15. Could you please put some _ in my cup? I'd like sweet coffee.A. sugar B. salt C. ice D. pepper()16. Small cars are useful in cities with narrow _A. streets B. cinemas C. squares D. shops()17. The _ of this activity is to raise
25、 money for a new hospital.A. silence B. purpose C. culture D. language()18.For his son's birthday, Steven is taking him to the new movie as a _A. task B. treat C. choice D. visit()19. You can see the _ in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.A. doubt B. pride
26、C. regret D. ability()20. Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?I'm afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.A. idea B. decision C. reason D. choice()21.Could you tell me how to start a conversation with people from England?I think talking about the _ is the first choice.A. age
27、 B. family C. money D. weather()22. Keep quiet, son! I need complete _ when I'm working.Sorry, dad. I won't make any noise again.A. trust B. silence C. control D. strength()23.What should we do for the camping trip?We'd better make a _ of things like foods, drinks, medicine and so on.A.
28、list B. card C. report()24. Sally's favorite _ is orange.I see. That's why all her sweaters are orange.A. fruit B. color C. juice()25. Have you paid the _?Yes. It's ten more dollars this month.A. bill B. price C. value D. menu()26. Betty has a beautiful _. She wants to be a singer in the
29、 future.A. voice B. look C. noise D. sound()27. Here is my family _. We took it last year.What a happy family!A. member B. name C. photo D. house()28. Everyone should stick to his dream.来源:学科网Yes. A life without a dream is like a bird without _, which can't fly.A. wings B. water C. clouds D. foo
30、d()29.US scientist Edward THall said that in a conversation between two people, 65% of _ is done through body language.A. application B. pronunciation C. introduction D. communication()30. The air is very fresh in our city. There is less _ than before.Yes. The government has taken action to protect
31、the environment.A. wood B. pollution C. noise D. water()31. I'm not sure what to write about The Secret Garden in the report.You should read some_ about the book before writing.A. reviews B. reasons C. results D. rewards()32. My mother has a poor _ of direction, so she is always afraid to go out
32、 alone.A. scene B. silence C. service D. sense()33. Anna, how does the dress look on me?To tell you the _, it doesn't fit you well.A. trade B. trust C. truth D. treat()34. Creative morning _ are popular in our school.Yes, we dance to fun music, such as the song Calorie(卡路里)A. exams B. exercises
33、C. examples D. expressions()35. He rides a bike to work every day in order to keep in _A. support B. service C. surface D. shape()36. I don't know how to use the App Fun Dubbing. Ask Kitty for help. She has lots of _ in doing it.A. expression B. experiment C. examination D. experience()37.High
34、173;speed trains are seen as one of the new Four Great _ of China.A. Achievements B. Agreements C. Environments D. Instruments()38. Wu Wei, a young artist, has received high _ from the art community for this sculpture.A. pride B. praise C. promise D. progress()39. To keep our city beautiful, the _ a
35、re always very busy in the streets. We shouldn't throw rubbish everywhere.A. policemen B. cleaners C. drivers()40. My daughter helps me cook, but she isn't old enough to be left alone in the _A. bedroom B. classroom C. lab D. kitchen 答案解析1.B 句意:请你给我们一些关于如何做作业的建议好吗?本题考查有关可数名词与不可数名词的知识。advice“
36、建议,忠告”,是不可数名词,不可以说an advice, any advices,所以A,D项是错的。应该说:a (good) piece of advice一条(好的)建议;two pieces of advice两条建议;some advice一些建议。homework也是不可数名词,不可以说homeworks 。故本题选择B2. D.本题考察不可数名词news,所以不能说a news或a.news,但是news前面有a piece of时,整个短语就变成了可数名词,所以正确的表述是a good piece of news,故本题选择D3.C “one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词
37、复数”意为“最的之一”,故第一空要用symbol的复数形式。American culture意为“美国文化”,此时culture是不可数名词。故本题选择C4. A.本题考察tomato和potato的复数,都要加es,故本题选择A5. C第一空考察“日本人”Japanese,第二空考察“德国人”German的复数Germans,故本题选择C6. 6.D .orange意为“橙子;橘子”时,是可数名词;orange意为“橘子汁;橙色”时,是不可数名词。故本题选D 7. 7.B 本题考查不可数名词“量”的表示法。4 bottles of milk表示四杯牛奶。8. B本题考察“三片面包”的表达方式
38、,面包是不可数名词,不能加s,三片是复数,所以用three pieces,故本题选择B9. C 句意:我住在车站的附近。只有大概步行五分钟的路程。根据句意可知此处应用名词的所有格,在以-s结尾的名词复数后只加',不必加's。故本题选择C10. C. a photo of my family“我的一张全家福”,介词of在这里构成所有格。表示地名、交通工具的名词以及与人的活动有关的无生命的名词的所有格可用of,也可用's。如:the future of China/China's future中国的未来;the girl's name/he name of
39、the girl这个女孩的名字。故本题选择C11. A 句意:一谁告诉你这样的事情?一我哥哥的一个朋友。一如果他这么说,他就不是你哥哥的朋友。注意比较双重所有格与of所有格的不同。双重所有格表示部分概念。故本题选择A12. A考查名词词义辨析。随着戴眼镜的学生数量越来越多,我们应该保护我们的 。根据句意可知通过戴眼镜的学生数量增多,来呼吁大家保护眼睛。故选A。13. C考查名词词义辨析。句意:在你读整篇文章之前读每段的第一个有助于你快速获得文章的主旨大意。根据语境和常识可知此处指的是读每段第一个句子。故选C。14. A考查名词词义辨析。句意“我得了重感冒。”“听到这个很难过。你最好马上去看 。
40、”联系常识,生病了应该看医生,故选A。15. A考查名词词义辨析。句意:你能在我的杯子里放些吗?我喜欢甜咖啡。根据“I'd like sweet coffee.”可知要放些糖。故选A。16. A考查名词词义辨析。句意:小汽车在有狭窄的城市里是有用的。结合生活常识可知汽车是在街道上行驶的。故选A。17. B考查名词词义辨析。句意:这个活动的是为新医院筹集资金。联系下文“为新医院筹集资金”可知,此处指“这个活动的目的”。故选B。18. B考查名词词义辨析。句意:为了他儿子的生日,史蒂文正带他去看新电影作为 。根据语境可知,儿子过生日,父亲肯定是要请客好好地款待他,让他开心。故选B。19.
41、B考查名词词义辨析。句意:当我们谈到过去70年的巨大成就时,你可以看到我们脸上的。结合句意及语境可知,我们应该是对取得的巨大成就感到自豪。故选B。20. D考查名词词义辨析。句意“哦,我的天啊!我们错过了最后一班车。我们该怎么办?” “恐怕我们没有 除了打的。”由语境和句意可知此处是“选择”。故选D。21. D考查名词词义辨析。句意“你能告诉我怎么和英格兰人开始一段谈话吗?”“我想谈论 是第一选择。”根据句意及常识可知前三项都属于隐私问题,不方便谈论。故选D。22. B考查名词词义辨析。句意“保持安静,儿子!我工作的时候需要完全 。”“对不起,爸爸。我不会再制造任何噪音了。”根据句意可知需要安
42、静。故选B。23. A考查名词词义辨析。句意“我们应该为这次露营旅行做些什么? ”“我们最好把食物、饮料、药品等东西列成一个 。”根据句意可知,此处表示列清单,make a list of.是固定搭配。故选A。24. B 考查名词词义辨析。句意“萨莉最喜欢的 是橙色。”“明白了,那就是为什么她的所有毛衣都是橙色的。”根据答语“That's why all her sweaters are orange.”可知此处应该是表达最喜欢的颜色是橙色。故选B。25. A考查名词词义辨析。句意“你已经支付 了吗?”“是的。这个月又多了10美元。”根据语境,此处指“你已经支付账单了吗?”故选A。26
43、. A考查名词词义辨析。句意:贝蒂有一副好 ,她将来想成为一名歌手。根据语境可知此处指贝蒂有好嗓音才能成为歌手。故选A。27. C 考查名词词义辨析。句意“这是我的家庭 。我们去年拍的。”“好幸福的家庭啊!”根据第二句中的“去年拍的”可知,此处指“全家福”。故选C。28. A考查名词词义辨析。句意“每个人都应该坚持他的梦想。”“是的。没有梦想的人就像没有 不能飞翔的鸟儿。”根据语境分析,这里应该是表达“没有翅膀的鸟儿”。故选A。29. D考查名词词义辨析。句意:美国科学家Edward THall说在两人的对话中,65%的 是通过肢体语言来完成的。由上句中的“conversation”暗示可知,communication符合句意。故