《StephanDahl交际与文化转型-文化的多样性、全球化以及文化的聚合教程文件.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《StephanDahl交际与文化转型-文化的多样性、全球化以及文化的聚合教程文件.doc（217页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。StephanDahl交际与文化转型-文化的多样性、全球化以及文化的聚合-TableofContentsINDEXOFTABLESANDFIGURES.3PREFACEANDACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.4INTRODUCTION.5DETERMINANTSOFCULTUREANDIDENTITY8WHATISCULTURE?8THENATIONALCHARACTER/BASICPERSONALITY.10PERCEPTION.10TIMECONCEPTS11SPACECONCEPTS.13THIN
2、KING13logicandprelogic.13inductiveanddeductive.13abstractandconcrete.13alphabeticalandanalphabetical.14LANGUAGE.14NON-VERBALCOMMUNICATION15Kinesics.15Proxemics.16Appearance.16Posture.16Oculesics.17Haptics,tacesics.17Paralanguage17SymbolismandPassiveNon-verbalCommunication18VALUES18BEHAVIOUR:NORMS,RU
3、LES,MANNERS,ROLES.20SOCIALGROUPINGSANDRELATIONSHIPS.20Axiomsoftheprevioussection.21CULTUREACQUISITIONANDMODIFICATION.22Axiomsoftheprevioussection.23TRENDSINCROSS-BORDERANDINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION.24GLOBALBUSINESS25FreeTradeandCommonMarkets.25ForeignDirectInvestment,TNCs,Oligopolisation.25Capitalis
4、mandWesternCultureExport.26POLITICALANDSOCIO-ECONOMICALCHANGES26FromcolonialpowertoneoliberalEurope26EuropeanIntegration.27RevoltandSocialChange:May1968.27Extensionofpower:thefallofFranco.29ExtendingtheneoliberalworldviewtotheEast29Yugoslavia.30NewDemocrats,NewLabourandNeueMitte.30Westernpoliticsand
5、commercialinfluence.31Conclusion32MEDIATRENDS.32Influenceofthemediaonsociety.32DeclineofthepublicbroadcastinginEurope33Theemergenceofcommercialbroadcasting.34Commercial,globalmediacontent.35Co-operationandglobaldistribution.36Diversificationintomultimediaservices37Cinemaglobalisation.37Localisationo
6、ffocus.38Resistancetowardsglobalisation.39Globalcontent,producedlocally40Conclusion41THEINTERNET41TheEmergenceoftheNet.42InternetUsersandUsage43CriticalMassLevels.44TheCommercialisationofCyberspace.45Axiomsoftheprevioussection.46THENEEDFORANINTERACTIVEMODELOFCULTURALTRANSFORMATION.47TOWARDSEXPLAININ
7、GINTERCULTURALTRANSFORMATION49THECULTURESHOCK.50FROMSHOCKTOSELF-REFLECTION51SHOCK,REFLECTION,ADAPTATION51FROMTHEINDIVIDUALTOTHESOCIETY53DEFINITIONS.53ASSUMPTIONS55AXIOMS.58CONCLUSIONANDDISCUSSION.60APPENDIX1-GLOBALMEDIAPLAYERS63REFERENCES66IndexofTablesandFiguresTABLE1MONOCHRONICANDPOLYCHRONICCULTUR
8、ES.12TABLE2VALUEORIENTATIONS19TABLE3THEFIVELARGESTMEDIACONGLOMERATES34TABLE4PRODUCTIONPRICES.35TABLE5HOSTCOUNTDEVELOPMENT.42TABLE6INTERNETACCESSIN1997.43TABLE7INTERNETUSAGE.44FIGURE1CO-OPERATIONANDDISTRIBUTIONAGREEMENTSOFSOMEMEDIACOMPANIES.36FIGURE2MEDIA-TELECOMMUNICATIONANDITAGREEMENTS37FIGURE3AMER
9、ICANISATIONOFTV:VOLUMEOFUSPROGRAMMINGONTVIMPORTS.39PREFACEANDACKNOWLEDGEMENTSEncountersbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgroundhaveexistedforever,andequallyforever,peoplewerethinkingaboutphenomenathatwereunusualinothercultures.However,thoseencounterswererelativelyseldominearlytimes,today,theyareal
10、mostpartofeverydaylife:thefacilitedcommunciationandmovementofpeoplehasmadeitpossible.Atthesametime,thefacilitatedinterchangebetweencultureshasjeopoardisedtheirveryexistence,andfacilitatedtheemergenceofacosmopolitanculture,aphenomenaoftenreferredtoasglobalisation.Thisprojectaimstoprovideanoverviewoft
11、hethreemainareasthattheinterculturalencounterandtheglobalisationencompass.Primarily,whatmakesculturesdifferentfromeachother.Secondlyitaimstoprovideanoverviewoftrendsthathavehadadeepimpactonculturesandinterculturalencounters,andfacilitatedtheglobalisationandemergenceofacosmopolitainculture.Thirdlyitl
12、ooksattheprocesstheindividualgoesthroughinaninterculturalencounter,andhowitadaptstocultureshiftsinitsenvironment.Manypeoplehavecontributedtothisprojectdirectly,orindirectly.InparticularIwouldliketothanktheEuropeanUniversityBarcelonaforprovidingthespaceandenvironmentthatmadethisprojectpossible.Amajor
13、contributor,notonlyasthepromotorofthisproject,butfortheoverallstudies,hasbeenMercCanoGmez.Shehasbeenavailableatalltimeswithahelpfuladviceandahelpinghandandhasprovidedamajorsupportforthisprojectandthestudiesingeneral.EquallyPilarColomhasprovidedthroughherclassesandfurtherdiscussionsinvaluableinputint
14、othisproject.Shehasalsobeenagreatsupportforthestudiesingeneral,andbeyondthescopeoftheclass.AlsoGermnAragnprovided,throughhiscross-culturalcommunicationsclasses,aninterestingandpracticalbackgroundtothisproject.FinallyIwouldliketothankthosepeopleoutsidetheuniversity,whohavebeenhelpfulandsupportiveduri
15、ngmystayhereinBarcelonaandhavehadtoenduresometimestiringconversationsaboutthescopeandapproachofthisproject.Inparticular,Iwouldliketothankmyparents,whomadethestudiesfinanciallypossibleandwhohaveprovidedmewithinvaluablesupport,GuidoVerweijwhoprovidedcriticalsupportandCarlosBaezforprovidinginsightsinto
16、theSpanishsocietyandcriticalcommentsonmyviews.Iwouldalsolikeallmyco-studentsfromtheMA,whohaveatalltimesprovidedcriticalsupportforthisproject.Introduction“Thebourgeoisiehas,throughitsexpolitationoftheworldmarket,givenacosmopolitancharactertoproductionandconsumption(sic),andasinmaterialsoinintellectua
17、lproduction.Theintellectualcreationsofindividualnationsbecomecommonproperty.(sic)Fromthenumerousnationalandlocalliteratures,therearisesaworldliterature.”KarlMarxAttheendofthetwentiethcenturythepost-moderngeographicorder,andtheneoliberaleconomicorderhavegivenrise,intheWesternEuropeanstatesinparticula
18、r,toanewformofidentity.Theglobalidentity.ParticularlytheNorthernEuropeanstatescelebratethetransnationalfeeling,andtheglobalisationoftheircitizens.93%ofGermanstudentsspeakEnglishwellenoughtohaveaconversation,45%candothatwithFrench.Swedentopsthelistofforeignexchangeprogrammes:32%ofitsstudentshavestudi
19、edabroad,17%oftheGermanshave,16%ofBritish,11%ofFrench,6%ofSpanishstudents(Spiegel,1998;78).ViainternetandsatelliteTVtheworld,atleastthedevelopedone,hasmovedclosertogether.Danoneyoghurt,Arielwashingpowder,GilletterazorsandMarssnackbarshaveenteredeventheremotestofalllocalsupermarkets,givingtheworldthe
20、bestamancanget,thewhitestwhitesandfun,workandplay.No,theglobalisationhasnotstoppedwiththeBigMac,theglobalisationisinallourfridgesandstorageboards.StephenKing,JohnleCarr,Jean-DominiqueBauby,JohnGrisham,ElizabethGeorgetopthebest-sellerlistsaroundtheglobe,whilethesplitofboy-groupTakeThatbroketheheartso
21、fthelostteenagerseveninthesmallestofthevillagesaroundEurope.Titanicwasnotonlytheluxurygrandeurofthecruiseships,italsoprovedtobetheluxurygrandeurofCinemaaudiencesaroundtheglobe,breathlesslyawaitingthetragicclimax.ThequestiondoyouknowOphra?isjustnolongerasked,thegrandmotherofthebanal,clichtalkshowhasl
22、ongmadeherwayaroundtheglobe,andflimmersdailyonmillionsofscreens,eitherinpersonorimpersonatedbysomeequallytragicallylookingfemale,solvingtheproblemsofeveryhousewife,mother,professionalwoman,daughterorwhateverelsemightgluetheaudiencestothesmallscreen.Andoncetheproblemshavebeendiscussed,thentheWheelofF
23、ortuneorthePriceisRightbringtheillusionofthebigwin,thegreatluck.Andforthosethatareevenmoreaspiring,thereisalwaysthenewgameofforeignstudentsthatdonotspeakthelanguage:“namethatshowonforeignTV”,becauseafterall,FijftegenFijforFamilienduell,itsstillthesame.Indeed,weareconnected,interchanged,exchangedand,
24、mostimportantly,denationalised.Europeisgrowingtogether,orDerEurokommt(TheEuroiscoming),andthatnotonlymonetarywise.AtripthroughMarks&SpencerintheUKreveals:TheBritishdiethassaidgood-byetounsalted,overcookedandunspicedfood,lovinglyaccompaniedbyoneofEuropesworstwines.ChickenTikka,GnocchiandCalabacinesal
25、hornomakeupthenewBritishdiet,andwhoeveraccusedtheBritishofhorrificbreadthatcanbesqueezedtothesizeofaverysmallpotato,shouldjusttheseethelatestselectionatSainsburys:FrenchBreaddelaCampagne,madeinFrance,bakedinBritain.AndafterTescosistheWineMerchantoftheYear,andanEnglishmantheMaitreDesVins,thescandalon
26、thetablehasreachedtrulyEuropean(orshallwesaycontinental?)format.AndevenacrosstheAtlantic,longtimeknownfortheirworsethanbrownwatercoffee,thezeitgeisthasmovedin,andtheoldout.Infacttomuch,thattheUSAmericansarenowreadytoattacktheEuropeancoffeemarketwithExpressolaAmericaine.Butevenwithallofthis,wearenott
27、hesame.Somehowsomepeoplestillrefusetobecometheworldcitizenthatissooftenproclaimed.SomehowtheBritisharestillBritish,andtheGermansstillGermans.Certainly,theglobalisationistakingplace.Thatcannotbedenied.Andwiththeglobalisationcomesanunprecedentedinfluenceonthenationalcultures.Theworldisinterconnected,t
28、heflowofinformationhasonlyverylimitedborders,sohastheflowofpeopleandinfluences.Whatwasbeforethecolonisation,andtheinfluenceonthelocalculture,thatistakingplacenowonalarger,fasterandmoreefficientscale.Itreachesnotonlyacertainclass,itreachesfarintothesociety,everysociety.Thisprojectaimstoconsolidatethe
29、phenomenaofglobalisation,ofinterculturalencountersandofculturaldifferences.Inapost-modernsociety,thegroupsthatmakeasocietyarenolongerclearlydefined,thebordersareopen.Thenationalandlocalcultureshavecomeinasuctionofglobalforces,andhavetoadopt.Inthefirstpartoftheproject,wewillbelookingatwhatculturaldif
30、ferencesareassuch.Thisisdoneinthetraditionofthehumanist/positivisttraditionofenquiry,resultinginavariablesetofculturedeterminantsandtheirimpactonthelocalcultureunderexamination.Duringthesecondpart,wetakealookatthedevelopmentofthemostinfluentialimpactfactorsthatleadtoculturetransformation:Theextensio
31、noftheneoliberaleconomicworldorder,andtheglobalisationofconsumption;theextensionofthepoliticalethosoftheWest;theMediacultureandtheshiftsinthesubjectiverealityitrepresentsandfinallytheriseoftheInternet(asthemostdominantexampleofCMC),thatemergesasapotentiallynewformoffacilitatedinformationflowaroundth
32、eglobe.Inthelastpart,weexaminethetheoryofinterculturalencounters.Theargumentforthisisthatthistheoryisnotonlyvalidintheviewofdirectandpersonalinterculturalencounters,butalsoinindirectencounters.Theprojectendswiththeconclusion,andreviewofsomeoftheissuesthathavebeendiscussedduringtheentityoftheproject.
33、DeterminantsofCultureandIdentityWhatisCulture?ThewordculturestemsfromtheLatin“colere”,translatableastobuildon,tocultivate,tofoster.Leibnitz,Voltaire,Hegel,vonHumbold,Kant,Freud,Adorno,Marcuse,allhavereflectedonthemeaningofthewordindifferentversionsofitsuse.Intheearlystagesofthephilosophicaldebateabo
34、utwhatisculture,thetermoftenreferstotheoppositeofnature,whereasculturewasreferringtosomethingconstructedwillinglybymen,whilenaturewasgiveninitself.Sincethe18thcentury,thewordcultureemergedmoreinthesenseofproductsthatareworthy:somewhatreducedtoDrer,GoetheandBeethoven,thetermwasusedtodescribeEliteandh
35、igh-cultureconcepts,particularlyincontinentalEurope.Thisdefinitionofcultureisstillvivid;Rickert,inKulturwissenschaftundNaturwissenschaft(Thescienceofcultureandthescienceofnature),definesculture,followingtheElitistapproach,as:“GesamtheitderrealenObjekte,andenenallgemeinanerkannteWerteoderdurchsiekons
36、truierteSinngebildehaftenunddiemitRuecksichtaufdieWertegepflegtwerden”(Thetotalityofrealobjects,towhichthegeneralvalues,orsenseconstructionsofthose,arerelated,andwhicharecaredforwithregardstothevalues.)(Rickert,quotedinMaletzke,1996:16).Equally,duringthemid-nineteenthcentury,theconceptofmassculturea
37、ndpopularcultureemerged,fuellingthecriticaltheoryoftheFrankfurtSchoolandtheBirminghamSchool.InthewordsofStuartHall,oftheBirminghamSchool,cultureis“boththemeansandvalueswhichariseamongdistinctivesocialgroupsandclasses,onthebasisoftheirgivenhistoricalconditionsandrelationship,throughwhichtheyhandleand
38、respondtotheconditionsofexistence”(Hall,quotedinMcQuail,1994:100).Anotherviewofculture,focusesofcultureasasetofvaluesandattributesofagivengroup,andtherelationoftheindividualtotheculture,andtheindividualsacquisitionofthosevaluesandattributes:inthewordsofGeertHofstede:“thecollectiveprogrammingofthemin
39、d”(quotedinVictor,1992:6).Fisher,quotedinthesamework,definescultureas:”Itissharedbehaviour,whichisimportantbecauseitsystematisesthewaypeopledothings,thusavoidingconfusionandallowingco-operationsothatgroupsofpeoplecanaccomplishwhatnosingleindividualcoulddoalone.Anditisbehaviourimposedbysanctions,rewa
40、rdsandpunishmentsforthosewhoarepartofthegroup”(Fisher,1988).Inthecontextofthispaper,wewilladoptthedefinitionofcultureasthetotalityofthefollowingattributesofagivengroup(orsubgroup):sharedvalues,believesandbasicassumptions,aswellasanybehaviourarisingfromthose,ofagivengroup.Cultureisunderstood,inthiscontext,ascollectivelyheldsetofattributes,whichisdynamicandchangingovertime.Agroupcantherebybevariousformsofsocia