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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流StephanDahl交际与文化转型-文化的多样性、全球化以及文化的聚合.精品文档.Table of Contents INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES.3 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.4 INTRODUCTION.5 DETERMINANTS OF CULTURE AND IDENTITY8 WHAT ISCULTURE?8 THENATIONALCHARACTER/BASICPERSONALITY.10 PERCEPTION.10 TIMECONCEPTS11 SPACECONCEPTS
2、.13 THINKING13 logic and prelogic.13 inductive and deductive.13 abstract and concrete.13 alphabetical and analphabetical.14 LANGUAGE.14 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION15 Kinesics.15 Proxemics.16 Appearance.16 Posture.16 Oculesics.17 Haptics, tacesics.17 Paralanguage17 Symbolism and Passive Non-verbal Commu
3、nication18 VALUES18 BEHAVIOUR:NORMS,RULES,MANNERS,ROLES.20 SOCIAL GROUPINGS AND RELATIONSHIPS.20Axioms of the previous section.21 CULTURE ACQUISITION AND MODIFICATION. 22 Axioms of the previous section.23 TRENDS IN CROSS-BORDER AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. 24 GLOBALBUSINESS25 Free Trade and Comm
4、on Markets.25 Foreign Direct Investment , TNCs, Oligopolisation.25 Capitalism and Western Culture Export.26 POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMICAL CHANGES26 From colonial power to neoliberal Europe26 European Integration.27 Revolt and Social Change: May 1968.27 Extension of power: the fall of Franco.29 Exte
5、nding the neoliberal world view to the East29 Yugoslavia.30 New Democrats, New Labour and Neue Mitte.30 Western politics and commercial influence.31 Conclusion32 MEDIATRENDS.32 Influence of the media on society.32 Decline of the public broadcasting in Europe33 The emergence of commercial broadcastin
6、g.34 Commercial, global media content.35 Co-operation and global distribution.36 Diversification into multimedia services37 Cinema globalisation.37 Localisation of focus.38 Resistance towards globalisation.39 Global content, produced locally40 Conclusion41 THEINTERNET41 The Emergence of the Net.42 I
7、nternet Users and Usage43 Critical Mass Levels.44 The Commercialisation of Cyberspace.45 Axioms of the previous section.46 THE NEED FOR AN INTERACTIVE MODEL OF CULTURALTRANSFORMATION. 47 TOWARDS EXPLAINING INTERCULTURAL TRANSFORMATION 49 THECULTURESHOCK.50 FROMSHOCK TOSELF-REFLECTION51 SHOCK, REFLEC
8、TION, ADAPTATION51 FROMTHEINDIVIDUALTOTHESOCIETY53 DEFINITIONS.53 ASSUMPTIONS55 AXIOMS.58 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION. 60 APPENDIX 1 - GLOBAL MEDIA PLAYERS 63 REFERENCES 66 Index of Tables and Figures TABLE1 MONOCHRONIC ANDPOLYCHRONICCULTURES.12 TABLE2 VALUEORIENTATIONS19 TABLE3 THE FIVE LARGEST MEDIA
9、 CONGLOMERATES34 TABLE4 PRODUCTIONPRICES.35 TABLE5 HOSTCOUNT DEVELOPMENT.42 TABLE6 INTERNET ACCESS IN1997.43 TABLE7 INTERNET USAGE.44 FIGURE1 CO-OPERATION ANDDISTRIBUTIONAGREEMENTS OF SOME MEDIA COMPANIES.36 FIGURE2 MEDIA- TELECOMMUNICATION ANDITAGREEMENTS37 FIGURE3 AMERICANISATION OFTV: VOLUME OFUS
10、PROGRAMMING ONTVIMPORTS.39PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Encounters between people of different cultural background have existed forever, and equally forever, people were thinking about phenomena that were unusual in other cultures. However, those encounters were relatively seldom in early times, toda
11、y, they are almost part of everyday life: the facilited communciation and movement of people has made it possible. At the same time, the facilitated interchange between cultures has jeopoardised their very existence, and facilitated the emergence of a cosmopolitan culture, a phenomena often referred
12、 to as globalisation. This project aims to provide an overview of the three main areas that the intercultural encounter and the globalisation encompass. Primarily, what makes cultures different from each other. Secondly it aims to provide an overview of trends that have had a deep impact on cultures
13、 and intercultural encounters, and facilitated the globalisation and emergence of a cosmopolitain culture. Thirdly it looks at the process the individual goes through in an intercultural encounter, and how it adapts to culture shifts in its environment. Many people have contributed to this project d
14、irectly, or indirectly. In particular I would like to thank the European University Barcelona for providing the space and environment that made this project possible. A major contributor, not only as the promotor of this project, but for the overall studies, has been Merc Cano Gmez. She has been ava
15、ilable at all times with a helpful advice and a helping hand and has provided a major support for this project and the studies in general. Equally Pilar Colom has provided through her classes and further discussions invaluable input into this project. She has also been a great support for the studie
16、s in general, and beyond the scope of the class. Also Germn Aragn provided, through his cross-cultural communications classes, an interesting and practical background to this project. Finally I would like to thank those people outside the university, who have been helpful and supportive during my st
17、ay here in Barcelona and have had to endure sometimes tiring conversations about the scope and approach of this project. In particular, I would like to thank my parents, who made the studies financially possible and who have provided me with invaluable support, Guido Verweij who provided critical su
18、pport and Carlos Baez for providing insights into the Spanish society and critical comments on my views. I would also like all my co-students from the MA, who have at all times provided critical support for this project.Introduction “The bourgeoisie has, through its expolitation of the world market,
19、 given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption (sic), and as in material so in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. (sic) From the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.” Karl Marx At the e
20、nd of the twentieth century the post-modern geographic order, and the neoliberal economic order have given rise, in the Western European states in particular, to a new form of identity. The global identity. Particularly the Northern European states celebrate the transnational feeling, and the global
21、isation of their citizens. 93% of German students speak English well enough to have a conversation, 45% can do that with French. Sweden tops the list of foreign exchange programmes: 32% of its students have studied abroad, 17% of the Germans have, 16% of British, 11% of French, 6% of Spanish student
22、s (Spiegel, 1998; 78). Via internet and satellite TV the world, at least the developed one, has moved closer together. Danone yoghurt, Ariel washing powder, Gillette razors and Mars snack bars have entered even the remotest of all local supermarkets, giving the world the best a man can get, the whit
23、est whites and fun, work and play. No, the globalisation has not stopped with the Big Mac, the globalisation is in all our fridges and storage boards. Stephen King, John le Carr, Jean-Dominique Bauby, John Grisham, Elizabeth George top the best-seller lists around the globe, while the split of boy-g
24、roup Take That broke the hearts of the lost teenagers even in the smallest of the villages around Europe. Titanic was not only the luxury grandeur of the cruise ships, it also proved to be the luxury grandeur of Cinema audiences around the globe, breathlessly awaiting the tragic climax. The question
25、 do you know Ophra? is just no longer asked, the grandmother of the banal, clich talkshow has long made her way around the globe, and flimmers daily on millions of screens, either in person or impersonated by some equally tragically looking female, solving the problems of every housewife, mother, pr
26、ofessional woman, daughter or whatever else might glue the audiences to the small screen. And once the problems have been discussed, then the Wheel of Fortune or the Price is Right bring the illusion of the big win, the great luck. And for those that are even more aspiring, there is always the new g
27、ame of foreign students that do not speak the language: “name that show on foreign TV”, because after all, Fijf tegen Fijf or Familienduell, its still the same. Indeed, we are connected, interchanged, exchanged and, most importantly,denationalised. Europe is growing together, or Der Euro kommt (The
28、Euro is coming), and that not only monetary wise. A trip through Marks & Spencer in the UK reveals: The British diet has said good-bye to unsalted, overcooked and unspiced food, lovingly accompanied by one of Europes worst wines. Chicken Tikka, Gnocchi and Calabacines al horno make up the new Britis
29、h diet, and who ever accused the British of horrific bread that can be squeezed to the size of a very small potato, should just the see the latest selection at Sainsburys: French Bread de la Campagne, made in France, baked in Britain. And after Tescos is the Wine Merchant of the Year, and an English
30、man the Maitre Des Vins, the scandal on the table has reached truly European (or shall we say continental?) format. And even across the Atlantic, long time known for their worse than brown water coffee, the zeitgeist has moved in, and the old out. In fact to much, that the US Americans are now ready
31、 to attack the European coffee market with Expresso la Americaine. But even with all of this, we are not the same. Somehow some people still refuse to become the world citizen that is so often proclaimed. Somehow the British are still British, and the Germans still Germans. Certainly, the globalisat
32、ion is taking place. That can not be denied. And with the globalisation comes an unprecedented influence on the national cultures. The world is interconnected, the flow of information has only very limited borders, so has the flow of people and influences. What was before the colonisation, and the i
33、nfluence on the local culture, that is taking place now on a larger, faster and more efficient scale. It reaches not only a certain class, it reaches far into the society, every society. This project aims to consolidate the phenomena of globalisation, of intercultural encounters and of cultural diff
34、erences. In a post-modern society, the groups that make a society are no longer clearly defined, the borders are open. The national and local cultures have come in a suction of global forces, and have to adopt. In the first part of the project, we will be looking at what cultural differences are as
35、such. This is done in the tradition of the humanist/positivist tradition of enquiry, resulting in a variable set of culture determinants and their impact on the local culture under examination. During the second part, we take a look at the development of the most influential impact factors that lead
36、 to culture transformation: The extension of the neoliberal economic world order, and the globalisation of consumption; the extension of the political ethos of the West; the Media culture and the shifts in the subjective reality it represents and finally the rise of the Internet (as the most dominan
37、t example of CMC), that emerges as a potentially new form of facilitated information flow around the globe.In the last part, we examine the theory of intercultural encounters. The argument for this is that this theory is not only valid in the view of direct and personal intercultural encounters, but
38、 also in indirect encounters. The project ends with the conclusion, and review of some of the issues that have been discussed during the entity of the project.Determinants of Culture and Identity What is Culture?The word culture stems from the Latin “colere”, translatable as to build on, to cultivat
39、e, to foster. Leibnitz, Voltaire, Hegel, von Humbold, Kant, Freud, Adorno, Marcuse, all have reflected on the meaning of the word in different versions of its use. In the early stages of the philosophical debate about what is culture, the term often refers to the opposite of nature, whereas culture
40、was referring to something constructed willingly by men, while nature was given in itself. Since the 18th century, the word culture emerged more in the sense of products that are worthy: somewhat reduced to Drer, Goethe and Beethoven, the term was used to describe Elite and high-culture concepts, particularly in continental Europe. This definition of culture is still vivid; Rickert, in Kulturwissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft (The science of culture and the science of nature), defines culture, follo