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1、优选例题AIn the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in
2、work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian(专制的)
3、managers.Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the colle
4、ctive opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.A recent
5、trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with jus
6、t a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation(委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being
7、followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms
8、of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.1. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 2. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 3. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise4. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above 5. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD
9、. encouraging 6. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply7. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression8. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 9. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 10. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 11. A. honoredB. leftC. crowdedD. compared12. A. econom
10、icallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 13. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure14. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene15. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness【答案】1-5 DABDC6-10 BADAC11-15 BBDAC【解析】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管
11、理理论：授权管理及其作用。1.考查动词。根据后半句“.will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。2.考查名词。to the contrary：相反的；to the degree：在某种程度上；to the extreme：走向极端。在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相
12、反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。3.考查词组。本句中for example表示举例说明。这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。4.考查名词。根据空后一句可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项（上面的）正确。5.考查动词。句意：不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。这而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。6.考查动词短语。短语refer to：提到，谈到；contribute to：做贡献；导致；object to
13、：反对；apply to：适用于。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。7.考查名词。agreement：同意，一致；practice：练习，做法；election：选举；impression：印象。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在达成一致基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。8.考查形容词。根据空格前半句可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。9.考查动词。根据前句“encourage employees to use their own initiat
14、ive”可知是鼓励员工发挥主动积极性，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。10.考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing”（缩小规模的趋势），也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词reduce（减少）符合上下文串联。11.考查形容词。动词be honored with：被授予；be left with：留下，剩下；be crowded with：挤满；be compared with：与相比。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管
15、理的效率。故B正确。12.考查副词。economically：经济地；traditionally：传统地；inadequately：不充分地；occasionally：偶尔地。根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。13.考查动词。deny：否认；admit：承认；assume：假定，设想；ensure：保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，有利于确保整个商业计划的跟进。根据句意可知D正确。14.考查形容词。virtual：虚拟的；ineff
16、ective：低效的；day-to-day：日常的；on-the-scene：现场的。根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和互联网联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。15.考查名词。opinion：观点；risk：冒险；performance：表现；attractiveness：魅力。根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for
17、projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on then”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产出而不是工作的时间，故C项正确。BChildren adore trains. There is no doubt that more boys like trains than girls, but who knows 16 ? Is it the speed, the power or the size of trains that hold the 17 ? The days have probably passed when mos
18、t boys 18 to become a train driver, but there are 19 lots of boys who do. 20 , all children like to see toy trains whizzing about a track and this love of toy trains often stays with adult males, 21 seldom with adult females.Many businessmen have attempted to 22 childrens fondness of trains. Some ma
19、ke 23 train sets while others make excellent train sets that become classics and 24 for many times their price. 25 the actual train sets, there are also stories concerning trains and some of these become real 26 as well. The Polar Express and Thomas the Tank Engine are recent 27 of this.The Polar Ex
20、press is especially 28 in America, where many homes with young children have 29 Polar Express trains running around the family Christmas tree. The Polar Express was first a book and then a very well-liked childrens movie.Thomas the Tank Engine is better-known in the UK and Europe as a whole. Thomas
21、30 life as a childrens book in 1946 but only became 31 after cartoons were made in 1984 in the UK. Most of the Thomas the Tank Engine childrens toys were 32 on a length of string instead of being electrified.Train sets are one of the classic gifts for 33 like rocking horses, castles and doll babies.
22、 It would be a terrible shame if these old-fashioned toys 34 , because unlike computer games, train sets can be passed on as 35 possessions to future generations.16. A. whenB. whereC. howD. why17. A. positionB. appealC. advantageD. possession18. A. wantB. pretendC. refuseD. fail19. A. alsoB. againC.
23、 stillD. seldom20. A. On the other handB. On the contraryC. To make things worseD. In other words21. A. becauseB. unlessC. thoughD. when22. A. take notice ofB. take advantage ofC. take pride ofD. take charge of23. A. comfortableB. differentC. extraD. cheap24. A. sellB. payC. chargeD. bargain25. A. A
24、part fromB. Regardless ofC. Together withD. Except for26. A. booksB. cartoonsC. toysD. planes27. A. incidentsB. instrumentsC. examplesD. origins28. A. expensiveB. popularC. rareD. important29. A. reliableB. expensiveC. uniqueD. electric30. A. sacrificedB. savedC. riskedD. began31. A. clearB. famousC
25、. safeD. comfortable32. A. hangedB. pulledC. createdD. pushed33. A. parentsB. graduatesC. childrenD. employees34. A. died outB. gave outC. went outD. broke out35. A. damagedB. puzzledC. reducedD. valued【答案】16-20 DBACD21-25 CBDAA26-30 CCBDD31-35 BBCAD【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了孩子们都喜欢火车，而商人正好利用这一点，制造出各种各样的火车玩具，
26、其中极地快车和托马斯火车头是两个较为经典的例子，并且在文章的最后也告诉我们，像火车玩具这样的老式玩具和电脑游戏不同，它们是可以作为宝贵的财产传给下一代的。16.考查从属连词词义辨析。句意：毫无疑问，男孩比女孩更喜欢火车，但谁知道为什么呢？A. when：什么时候；B. where：在哪里；C. how：如何；D. why：为什么。由but可知，前后句为转折关系，结合前句可知，此处是在问：但谁知道为什么呢？故选D。17.考查名词词义辨析。A. position：位置；B. appeal：吸引力；C. advantage：优势；D. possession：个人财产。根据前文“Children ad
27、ore trains.”可知，速度、动力、火车的大小都可能是吸引孩子们的因素。故选B。18.考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数男孩想当火车司机的日子可能已经过去了，但仍然有很多男孩想当火车司机。A. want：想要；B. pretend：假装；C. refuse：拒绝；D. fail：失败。此处应是想要成为一名火车司机。故选A。19.考查副词词义辨析。A. also：也；B. again：再一次；C. still：仍然；D. seldom：很少。由but可知，前后句之间是转折关系，此处应是指仍然有很多男孩想成为火车司机，用still强调过去男孩想要成为火车司机的想法仍然继续存在。故选C。20.考查
28、介词短语词义辨析。句意：换句话说，所有的孩子都喜欢看玩具火车在铁轨上飞驰，而这种对玩具火车的喜爱通常只属于成年男性，而很少有成年女性。A. On the other hand：另一方面；B. On the contrary：相反地；C. To make things worse：更糟的是；D. In other words：换句话说。此处用另一种方式解释“男孩比女孩更喜欢火车”这个观点。故选D。21.考查从属连词词义辨析。A. because：因为；B. unless：除非；C. though：尽管，不过；D. when：当时。根据前文“this love of toy trains ofte
29、n stays with adult males”和后面“seldom with adult females”可知，上下文形成转折关系，故选C。22.考查动词词义短语辨析。句意：许多商人试图利用孩子们对火车的喜爱。A. take notice of：注意；B. take advantage of：利用；C. take pride of：引以为豪；D. take charge of：负责。根据businessman可知，商人应是利用孩子们对火车的喜爱来获利。故选B。23.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些人制作了便宜的火车玩具套装，而另一些人制作了优秀的火车玩具套装，这些套装逐渐成为经典，并以好几倍
30、的价格出售。A. comfortable：舒服的；B. different：不同的；C. extra：额外的；D. cheap：便宜的。根据后文“while others make excellent train sets”和“for many times their price”可知，优秀的火车玩具套装的价格会是便宜的火车套装的价格的许多倍。故选D。24.考查动词词义辨析。A. sell：出售；B. pay：支付；C. charge：掌控，要价；D. bargain：讨价还价。商人制造优秀的火车玩具套装，自然是为了以更好的价格出售。故选A。25.考查介词短语词义辨析。A. Apart fro
31、m：除了外（还）；B. Regardless of：不管；C. Together with：一起；D. Except for：除了别无。根据后文的“there are also stories concerning trains”可知，此处应用Apart from表示除了有火车玩具套装，还有关于火车的故事。故选A。26.考查名词词义辨析。A. books：书；B. cartoons：卡通片；C. toys：玩具；D. planes：飞机。根据后文的“The Polar Express and Thomas the Tank Engine”可知，极地快车和托马斯火车头都是玩具。故选C。27.考查
32、名词词义辨析。A. incidents：事件；B. instruments：仪器；C. examples：例子；D. origins：起源。根据极地快车和托马斯火车头可知，这两个都是关于火车玩具的实际例子。故选C。28.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：极地快车在美国特别受欢迎，许多有小孩的家庭都有电动极地快车围绕着家庭圣诞树运行。A. expensive：昂贵的；B. popular：受欢迎的；C. rare：稀有的；D. important：重要的。根据空格后面内容可知，极地快车在美国特别受欢迎。故选B。29.考查形容词词义辨析。A. reliable：可靠的；B. expensive：昂贵的；C
33、. unique：独特的；D. electric：电动的。根据“running around the family Christmas tree”可知，极地快车是电动的，这样才可以运行，下文中的“being electrified”也是提示。故选D。30.考查动词词义辨析。句意：1946年，托马斯作为一本儿童读物问世，但直到1984年英国制作了动画片后才出名。A. sacrificed：牺牲；B. saved：拯救；C. risked：冒险；D. began：开始。根据“as a childrens book in 1946”可知，在1946年，托马斯以一本儿童读物的形式问世。故选D。31.考
34、查形容词词义辨析。A. clear：清楚的；B. famous：著名的；C. safe：安全的；D. comfortable：舒服的。根据前文“Thomas the Tank Engine is better-known in the UK and Europe as a whole.”（托马斯火车头在英国和整个欧洲都比较有名。）可知，直到1984年在英国制作了动画片之后才出名。故选B。32.考查动词词义辨析。A. hanged：悬挂；B. pulled：拉；C. created：创造；D. pushed：推。根据“on a length of string instead of being
35、electrified.”可知，托马斯火车头的大多数儿童玩具都是用一根长绳子拉着的，而不是通电的。故选B。33.考查名词词义辨析。A. parents：父母；B. graduates：毕业生；C. children：孩子；D. employees：员工。因为是玩具，所以是送给孩子的。故选C。34.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：如果这些老式玩具消失了，那将非常可惜，因为不像电脑游戏，火车套装可以作为宝贵的财产传给下一代。A. died out：消失；B. gave out：分发；C. went out：出去；D. broke out：爆发。根据“It would be a terrible sha
36、me”可知，此处表示如果这些老式玩具都消失了。故选A。35.考查形容词词义辨析。A. damaged：损坏的；B. puzzled：困惑的；C. reduced：减少的；D. valued：宝贵的。前文说到如果这些老式玩具消失了，那将非常可惜，所以可以推断此处是说火车玩具是宝贵的财产。故选D。模拟优练AWhat is friendship? Any dictionary or book can not define it exactly. It cannot be understood through 1 . The only way to understand friendship is t
37、hrough experience, which 2 all the senses.Friendship can be seen. It is seen in an old couple sitting in the park holding hands. It is seen in a child freely 3 the last cookie. It is not 4 to see friendship; it is always there for eyes that can see.Friendship can be heard. It is heard in the words o
38、f two friends squeezing in lunch together on an extremely 5 day although they have a lot of things to do. It is the way they 6 each other, not the words. Friendship can be heard by those willing to listen.Friendship is 7 in a touch. It is a pat on the back from a teammate, a high five between classm
39、ates, and the wet kiss from the family dog. The touch 8 more than words or gestures. It is 9 understood and clearly shows the feelings.Friendship has a taste. It tastes like homemade bread: the ingredients all measured and planned, then carefully 10 , then the quiet 11 as the dough(生面团) rises. Hot f
40、rom the oven, the bread tastes more than the sum of its ingredients 12 there are the thoughts of the baker as her hands mix the flour or her 13 as she waits for the dough to rise. 14 and unmeasured, this is the ingredient that 15 . Warm, fresh from the oven, the difference you taste is 16 .Friendshi
41、p has a smell. It smells like the slightly burnt cookies your brother made especially for you. It smells like your home when you 17 it after being away for a long time. Friendship has 78 smells.Finally, more than the other senses, friendship is a(n) 19 of the heart. It is the language of the heart a
42、 language that, whether seen, felt, heard, or tasted, is understood by the 20 . Like air fills the lungs, friendship fills the heart, allowing us to experience the best life has to offer: a friend.1. A. readingB. studyingC. gesturesD. words2. A. expectsB. involvesC. affectsD. expresses3. A. eatingB.
43、 holdingC. choosingD. sharing4. A. commonB. formalC. difficultD. private5. A. busyB. toughC. badD. important6. A. look atB. talk toC. care forD. play with7. A. feltB. givenC. discoveredD. remembered8. A. understandsB. explainsC. communicatesD. knows9. A. perfectlyB. instantlyC. hopefullyD. thankfull
44、y10. A. tastedB. preparedC. suppliedD. mixed11. A. waitingB. workingC. changeD. competition12. A. andB. unlessC. untilD. because13. A. patienceB. confidenceC. toleranceD. dependence14. A. UnfinishedB. UncoveredC. UnseenD. Unmoved15. A. comes to lifeB. makes the differenceC. makes senseD. takes effec
45、t16. A. happinessB. comfortC. friendshipD. hardship17. A. win backB. step intoC. help outD. carry on18. A. strongB. strangeC. naturalD. various19. A. experienceB. thoughtC. rewardD. result20. A. partnersB. sensesC. heartD. familyBWhen faced with tough difficulties or troubles, people always give us
46、positive words. 21 can lift our spirits indeed, but sometimes in some case it 22 depresses us. Psychology calls it “toxic positivity”. What is it? Lets see the following 23 .Between sleepless nights, diapers(换尿布) and feeding times, having small children at home could leave Priscilla Goins feeling 24 . She loved her kids, but it was a lot. “I would sometimes say I just want a minute to myself,” Goins of Knoxville, Tennessee, said.