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1、考向23 阅读理解之推理判断题推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得
2、出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。这种问题的提问方式通常有：1. From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that.2. We can infer from the text that/ What can we
3、 learn from? / We can conclude from the passage that3. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.4. The author implies that by the year 2080, .5. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.6. The author mentions the fact thatto show.7. This pass
4、age would most likely be found in _?8. The authors attitude toward is _?9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _?这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆
5、想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。5. 在解答推理
6、性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。推理判断题常见有以下形式：1细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。【典例示例】（2019·新课标I卷，B） For Canaan Elementary
7、s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y.，today is speech day, and right now its Chris Palaezs turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But hes, nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should should”Chris trips on the
8、“-ld,”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“Vote for me ”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise
9、him.A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起) how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a
10、 great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, I dont know, but I want to know.”Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign proj
11、ect when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.“Boasting about yo
12、urself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _.A. help students see their own strengthsB. assess students public speaking skillsC. prepare students for their
13、 future jobsD. inspire students love for politics27. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?A. Humorous.B. Ambitious.C. Caring.D. Demanding.【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述Thomas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程。26. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to re
14、ad and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.以及最后一段 “boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”可知，这个课程不仅仅教孩子阅读以及公共演讲，还要让孩子学会夸耀自己，而夸耀自己对于那些进入教室没有信心的学生来说很困难，故可知，Wha
15、ley老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己的优势增加信心，故选A。27. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.和最后一段He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves可知，当他有一天问学生认
16、为自己当不了总统请举手的时候，想到了一个想法，这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心，故可以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。humorous 幽默的，ambitious 有雄心壮志的；caring关心的；demanding要求高的。故选C。2因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。【典例示例】（2019·全国卷III，C）Before the 1830s, most newspa
17、pers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most
18、newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the publ
19、ic. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader h
20、ad to go down to the printers office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the old
21、er well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the publics fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)
22、were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?A. They would be priced higher.B. They w
23、ould disappear from cities.C. They could have more readers.D. They could regain public trust.31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A. It was a difficult process.B. It was a temporary success.C. It was a robbery of the poor.D. It was a disaster for printers.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞
24、生历史。29. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。31. A 【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was penny paper”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers for the man on the street
25、 did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业
26、领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。3人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。（3）能结合自己平时
27、积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。表示态度的形容词：(1)positive 积极的 (9) reserved(2)negative 消极的 (10) indifferent 漠不关心的(3) optimistic 乐观的 (11)cautious 谨慎的(4) pessimistic 悲观的 (12) surprised 惊讶的(5) objective 客观的 (13)sympathize 同情的(6) subjective 主观的 (14)support 支持的(7) admiring 羡慕的 (15)doubt 怀疑的(8)critical 批评的 (16) a
28、pprove 赞成的（17）ironic 讽刺的 （18）neutral 中立的【典例示例】 Parents should stop blaming themselves because theres not a lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager(十几岁的孩子) problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a
29、 terrible animal.Ive seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself(懒散地躺)
30、on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. “I dont know what to do with him these days,” she said. “Hes forgotten all the manners we taught him.” He hasnt forgo
31、tten them. Hes just decided that he s not going to use them. She confessed(坦白) that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, “I don
32、t like your dress; its ugly.” One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home.“Where did we go wrong?” her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.1. The boy on the sofa would most probabl
33、y be described as _.A. lazy B. quiet C. unusual D. rude2. From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters _.A. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after themC. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about them3. What is the authors opinion about th
34、e sudden change in teenage children?A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it.B. Parents should pay still sore attention to the change.C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers.D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children.【答案与解析】1.D 此题属于对人物性格的推断，根据文中第二段“One strict
35、mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. ”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话可知，以为严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是不礼貌。2. D 此题属于对“人物心情处境的推断”。根据最后一段，“Where did we go wrong? her parents are now very sad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他
36、们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为D。3.A 此题属于“对态度及观点的推断”，文中第一句话“Parents should stop blaming themselves because theres not a lot they can do about it.”就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了“Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。4篇章结构推断题
37、根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。【典例示例】Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believe that birds do si
38、ng some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.1. How does the writer explain birds singing?A. By comparing birds with human beings.B. By reporting exp
39、eriment results.C. By describing birds daily life.D. By telling a birds story.【答案】A【解析】由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。5文章结论推断题由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。【典例示例】（2019·北京卷，D）By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new
40、 study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of p
41、hytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die
42、，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide
43、to grow，but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model proje
44、cts that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“bu
45、t the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”45. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changesB. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chainC. To explain the effects of climate change on oceansD. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton【语篇解
46、读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。45. C【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new st
47、udy.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warning trend Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, ”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。6.写作目的推断题这类题的题干中常有pu
48、rpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend to, meant to, in order to等。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的目的和态度。与写作目的对应的文章如下：（1）to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。（2）to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性文章。（3）开头提出问题让读者关注主题。简介相关事物为了引出主题。列举具体事例说明文段的主题【典例示例】“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor