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1、考向24 阅读理解之词义猜测题英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：（1）旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nations most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。（2）合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplift
2、ing，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；（3）“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；（4）“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景（5）超纲生词。 猜测词义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。近年来，词义猜测题有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题
3、材背景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。【命题趋势】1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【设问形式
4、】The underlined word “” in the second(third) paragraph refers to(means) _.By saying “” in the first(second) paragraph, the author means that _.In paragraph , “” can be replaced by “_”.The meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?The unde
5、rlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.【应试技巧】词义猜测题的解答需要考生根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。1构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是
6、“能的，可的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。【典例示例】Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” 70. The underlined word “outcome” in the
7、last paragraph most probably means .A. value B. result C. performance D. connection【答案】B【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。2利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属
8、的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。【典例示例】Fermats Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who
9、 had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?A. To encourage people to raise questions.B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an expla
10、nation.D. To limit peoples imagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。3利用反义词猜词对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与
11、句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。【典例示例】.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialists.B. A plan requiring careful t
12、hought.C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.D. A demand made by guests.【答案】C【解析】根据前句的否定doesnt与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。4利用上下文语境猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近
13、年来高考考查的热点。【典例示例】【2019·天津卷，D】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he det
14、ermines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（堂吉诃德）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their
15、 days，while others go to seed long before？Weve all known people who run out of steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We cant all get there. Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed at
16、titudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？A. End ones struggle for liberty.B. Waste ones energy taking risks.C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.D. Lose the interest to continue learning.【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，
17、这样的生活才会有意义。52.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。5利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我
18、们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。【典例示例】“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so
19、it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?A. Growing interest in
20、 organic food.B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organic food.D. Higher prices of organic food.【答案】A【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。6根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, al
21、though, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。【典例示例】However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pa
22、ins to think about the subject.71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_”.A. try very hard B. take our timeC. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful【答案析】A【解析】由However从句当中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），与下文中的take special pains进行对比，既然不是一眼就看出那么简单，那么自然要费力去想了。由此可以推断出A项为最佳选项。7利用经验和常识猜词【典例示例
23、】“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more than a
24、 hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.”63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to _ .A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear 【答案】D【解析】根据本段内容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“惊慌”，相当于fear。【检测训练】1As a classic love movie of the twentieth century, Titanic makes one scene a long-lastin
25、g cinematic shot: Jack let go of his hand and sank in the icy seawater, leaving the chance of living to his lover Rose, who finally survived on a wooden door debris (残骸).More than 100 years since the disastrous event and more than two decades after the earliest release of the movie Titanic, there ha
26、ve been many “door theories”. Audiences debate heatedly over whether or not Jack and Rose could have both fit onto the wooden debris and survived. So, was there room for Jack?In a TV program, hosts Jamie and Adam even did an experiment using an exact replica (复制品) of the wooden piece from the movie,
27、 and the two proved that if they had tied Roses life jacket to the bottom of the door to strengthen its buoyancy ( 浮 力 ), they would have managed to stay afloat.However, their conclusion was debunked when director Cameron said that the freezing water and Jacks high temperature would have made the li
28、fe jacket solution impossible. He also said that the debate is beyond the point the movie was trying to make, which is focused on the tragic love story of Jack and Rose, not physics.The largest debris recovered from the real Titanic is now displayed in the Maritime Museum. The museums website states
29、 that a replica was once built for the movie based on the museums Titanic collection which was known as the “door” used in the death scene. Unfortunately, the size of the debris coupled with the weight of Rose on top could work, but not if Jacks additional weight was added to it.In a word, science h
30、as proven that Jack didnt die for nothing and did indeed sacrifice himself to save the love of his life.1. Whats the purpose of paragraph 1?A. To lead into the topic.B. To introduce a movie.C. To raise a question.D. To highlight characters.2. What is the conclusion of Jamie and Adam based on?A. The
31、development of the plot.B. A physics experiment.C. The theme of the movie.D. A heated debate.3. What does the underlined word “debunked” in paragraph 4 mean?A. Confirmed.B. Opposed.C. Approved.D. Concerned.4. We can infer that the movies ending is .A. unrealisticB. confusingC. reasonableD. surprisin
32、g2Its hard to overstate just how much Writers Digest has survived to make it to its centennial. The Great Depression. World War II. The many wars and societal revolutions of the 50s, 60s, and 70s. The technological revolution and the creation of the internet. The shift from being family-owned busine
33、ss to a corporation with investors. And most recently, global pandemic(流行病).It is because WD survived all that, that I view this anniversary issue as a love letter to every single person who has contributed to keeping WD alive over these amazing, and tough, and change-filled 100 years. Thank you to
34、the Rosenthal family for starting a magazinea communitylike this. To the publishers, editors, and all the other behind-the-scenes folks who made sure each issue over the many decades was the best it could be, thank you for your hard work and long hours. To the absolutely incomparable list of writers
35、 who shared their wisdom, insights, and encouragement: This magazine was made better by your contributions.But most of all, this is a love letter to our readers. You give the magazine purpose and the motivation to keep going. Without you, WD wouldnt exist, so on behalf of all the current and former
36、WD staffers, we offer our sincerest thanks.Youll see a collection of new columns coming in 2021. We are thrilled to have Bryan Washington, award-winning author of the short story collection Lot and the new novel Memorial, as our first guest columnist. The WD team started planning this issue more tha
37、n a year ago and putting it together has been a joy. We hope you find as much pleasure and inspiration in reading it as we found in creating it. See you in year 101.5. What does the underlined word “centennial” mean?A. The first publication.B. The collection version.C. The 100th anniversary.D. The o
38、pening ceremony.6. What do we know about Writers Digest from the text?A. It has a long list of guest columnists.B. It was once a family-owned business.C. It is financially supported by the community.D. It contributed to the technological revolution.7. What can we infer about the author?A. She used t
39、o be a novelist.B. She is with Writers DigestC. She was a business owner.D. She is one hundred years old.8. What is the authors main purpose in writing the text?A. To express gratitude.B. To promote sales.C. To introduce a magazine.D. To employ new staff.3Last year, I went through every high school
40、seniors nightmare: I was refused from all the colleges I applied to. Its not that I was a bad student. I had a narrow vision, applying only to some key schools. So when I got refused, I got into a panic. I thought there was only one path to success, and I wasnt on it. While all my friends were picki
41、ng out twin extra-long sheets, I was left wondering what kind of future I could have.When my panic faded, I signed in the community college. I wasnt excited. I imagined community college classrooms with incompetent teachers that taught their students to sleep. I was so wrong. My art history professo
42、r was so poetic, and her lectures felt spoken word. My classmates were intelligent and came from all walks of life still figuring things out like me.I decided to give myself a year of experiment. Aside from general education, I took a range of classes. I know it seems like a random kind of classes,
43、but it allowed me to know what I like and dont like. I used to have this idea that I had to rush in order to achieve a certain level of success by a certain age, but a year of community college has taught me to slow down, and to recognize that things take time to adjust. I still hope to transfer to
44、a four-year university next year, but Ill be going about it as a more mature person.Being around students from all walks of life has made me realize that Im not late in the game at all. Theres more than one way to get where you want to be.9. What caused the authors “high school seniors nightmare”?A.
45、 He was rejected by the colleges he applied to.B. He didnt do well in some subjects at school.C. He only took some key schools into consideration.D. He got confused about which school to apply to.10. What does the underlined part mean in Paragraph 1?A. The authors friends have extra sheets.B. The fu
46、ture for the authors friends is clear.C. The way to success is long for the authors friends.D. The authors friends have many choices.11. Why was the author unhappy in the community college at first?A. His art history professor was extremely expressive.B. He didnt like studying with students from all
47、 walks of life.C. He thought the teachers in the community college had poor ability.D. He learned students in the community college always slept in class.12. What did the author learn from his experience in the community college?A. Theres no need to hurry to achieve certain success.B. A year of expe
48、riment is not worthwhile for him at all.C. The way to success is to transfer to a four-year university.D. Its a waste of time being around students from all walks of life.4What defines (定义) a generation? Often, experts say, members of a generation are defined by the events that shaped their lives as young adults. “World events like wars, pandemics (大流行病) and racial unrest can