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1、专题5短 文 改 错短文改错主要考查语法基础知识。语篇通常取材于考生的习作,篇章结构的难易程度也符合高中生的认知水平。20172019年全国卷短文改错考点分布统计试卷文体词数冠词名词动词形容词、副词代词介词连接词数词2019年卷记叙文95122210202019年卷记叙文105012401112019年卷记叙文108114111102018年卷记叙文113112301(2)2(1)02018年卷记叙文108124011102018年卷记叙文1021(0)1420(1)0202017年卷记叙文1081(0)1230(1)1112017年卷记叙文921(0)1330110(1)2017年卷记叙文1
2、101(0)0321(2)120一般来说,短文改错的材料篇幅较短,100词左右,1012个句子;难度不大,语篇中基本上无生僻的词汇和怪、偏、难的语法结构。短文改错的话题较常见,通常是叙述一件事情或说明一个事物。从体裁上看,历年高考试题中的短文改错以记叙文为主,兼顾说明文、议论文和应用文。短文改错通常从词法、句法和行文逻辑三个角度设题,错误类型有多词、缺词和错词三种。高考短文改错命题趋势着眼点具体考点词法动词时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气名词可数名词还是不可数名词、单数还是复数、是否须用所有格代词主格与宾格、人称代词与物主代词、人称代词与反身代词、各种不定代词形容词、副词原级、比较级
3、、最高级冠词不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词介词基本用法、固定搭配词性误用形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词句法连词(并列连词和从句引导词)、主谓一致、there be句型与特殊句式行文逻辑时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致Passage 12019·全国I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident. One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. Suddenly football
4、 fell just in front of me but almost hit me. I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground. To everyones surprising, the ball went into the net. All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. From now on, I started to play m
5、y football with classmates after school. I am a good player now.语篇解读由于一次偶然的经历,作者喜欢上了踢足球,从此成了一名优秀的球员。答案与解析71.interestinginterested考查非谓语动词。be interested in“对感兴趣”,为固定短语。此处表示感兴趣的状态,因此将interesting改为interested。72.wherewhen考查定语从句。本句是含有定语从句的复合句,先行词是one afternoon,关系副词在定语从句中作时间状语,故将where改为when。73.football前加a考
6、查冠词。此处football是可数名词,前面应用不定冠词a表示泛指。74.butand考查连词。“足球落到我的面前”与“我几乎被砸中”是并列关系,不是转折关系,故将but改为and。75.hardlyhard考查副词。句意:我截住了球并用力地将它踢回操场。hardly意为“几乎不”,hard意为“用力地”,故将hardly改为hard。76.surprisingsurprise考查固定搭配。to sbs surprise是固定结构,意为“使某人惊讶的是”,因此将surprising改为surprise。77.playerplayers考查名词单复数。all后面应用playe
7、r的复数形式。78.saysaying考查非谓语动词。主语all the football players与say之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,应用现在分词作伴随状语,因此将say改成saying。79.nowthen考查副词。本文讲述的是过去的事情,from then on意为“从那时起”。80.去掉my考查固定搭配。play后跟球类运动名词时, 名词前不加任何成分。Passage 22019·全国Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do. First, I wanted to
8、 be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly. Then, when I was in the five grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher too much. When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor. They were two reasons for the decision. One was that I was
9、amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor. And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.语篇解读作者讲述了自己的职业梦想随着求学经历不断改变的过程。答案与解析71.jobjobs考查名词单复数。job是可数名词,其前有different修饰,“不同的工作”是复数概念,故此处用jobs。72.coollycool考查形容词。look是系动词,其后应接形容词作表语。73.fivefifth考查数词。表
10、示“五年级”,此处有the, 应用序数词fifth修饰grade,不用基数词。74.toovery / so考查副词。very much / so much表示程度,意为“很;非常”。too much意为“太多”,不符合语境。75.high前加in / at考查介词。此处high school前加介词in / at才能作状语。76.orand考查连词。“再次考虑目标”和“决定当医生”是顺承关系,故将表示选择关系的or改为and。77.TheyThere考查副词。此处是there be句型,表示“有”。78.amazingamazed考查非谓语动词。be amazed at“对感到惊讶”,为固定
11、短语。此处表示人的状态,故将amazing改为amazed。79.去掉more考查副词。much修饰well的比较级better,表示程度。80.iswas考查时态。此处作者讲述的是上中学时的事情,上文的One was that也是提示。Passage 32019·全国Ive had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to opens a cafe. Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts. What I
12、want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one. I want my cafe have a special theme such as like “Tang Dynasty”. In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment what is created for them. If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. I wish to have a chain of ca
13、fes in many different city. Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.语篇解读本文作者谈了他的梦想开一家咖啡馆。答案与解析71.opensopen考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处to与动词原形连用构成动词不定式作表语,故将opens改为open。72.requiredrequires考查时态。根据全文时态可知,本句应用一般现在时,且主语为it,故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。73.ordinarilyordinary考查形容词。此处应用形容词作cafe的定语,故将ordin
14、arily改为ordinary。74.have前加to考查固定搭配。want sb / sth to do sth是固定结构,意为“希望某人 / 某物做某事”。75.去掉like考查介词。such as和like均可用来列举事物,两组词重复,需删除一组。因为每处修改仅限一词,故去掉like。76.yourselves themselves考查代词。customers是第三人称复数,故对应的反身代词应为themselves。77.whatthat / which考查定语从句。本句是含有定语从句的复合句,先行词是environment,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,故将what改为that或者whi
15、ch。78.managemanaging考查非谓语动词。succeed in doing sth是固定结构,意为“成功做某事”,故将manage改为managing。79.citycities考查名词单复数。many different后面应用city的复数形式。80.ana考查冠词。当名词或修饰名词的形容词以辅音音素开头时,前面要用不定冠词a。一、把握“三”“四”“五”,共十二个考点三个必考点:1.名词的单复数;2.介词的误用、多用或少用;3.动词时态不一致。四个常考点:1.连词的误用、多用或少用;2.冠词的误用、多用或少用;3.词语辨析;4.词性误用。五个选考点:1.代词;2.非谓语动词;
16、3.情态动词;4.主谓一致;5.形容词的比较级和最高级。二、五个考法考法1高考常常是8个改词,1个添词,1个删词,偶见例外;考法2每句最多2个错误;考法3需要变形的词通常是名词、动词、形容词、副词等;考法4少词一般是添加冠词、介词、连词、不定式符号to以及物主代词;考法5多词一般是删掉冠词、介词、助动词等。三、三个方面1.词法:介词、冠词的多用、少用或误用,词性误用,非谓语动词误用,各类词缀的增减,名词的单复数一致,代词的格和数一致;2.句法:连词,主谓一致,there be句型与特殊句式;3.行文逻辑:时态一致,并列句中两个简单句的关系,如因果、转折、选择、并列关系等。四、解题口诀短文改错有
17、妙计,完整一致看仔细。词法侧重冠名动,形副互换要留意。分词出现多琢磨,主动被动加语气。全文一处多一词,一处少词冠介词。时态人称要统一,连词用法重逻辑。短文改错要做好, 常见类型应记牢。名词爱考数与格,冠词在前“错、多、少”。 动词时态和语态,非谓语搭配莫错了。连代形副错一样,多是故意来混淆。介词多半考搭配,多漏误用想周到。句法涉及多“一致”,从句多考关系词。词法句法均未错,逻辑推理去寻找。注:“一致”包括主谓一致,数、性、格等的一致。01短文改错之错词命题考查角度1名词该考点主要考查可数名词与不可数名词的辨析、可数名词单复数以及固定短语中的名词误用等。考点1名词数的错用1.可数名词单复数的错用
18、:复数用作单数,单数用作复数。2.不可数名词错用复数:不可数名词没有复数形式。3.可数名词与不可数名词混淆:有些词既可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词,应注意具体语境。1.2019·全国All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football.答案与解析playerplayersall后面应用player的复数形式。2.2018·全国Last winter when I went there again, they had a big s
19、eparate house to raise dozens of chicken.答案与解析chicken chickens根据dozens of可知,其后用名词复数形式。1.2017·全国The instructor kept repeating the word,“Speed up!” “Slow down!”2.2016·全国The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. 3.2016·四川Mom has a full-time job, but she has to d
20、o most of the houseworks.答案与解析1.wordwords根据引号内的内容可知,此处word为可数名词,应用复数形式。2.year years这里表示13岁至19岁的那几年,故year要用复数形式。3.houseworkshouseworkhousework为不可数名词,没有复数形式。考点2名词与形容词、名词所有格的错用1.误把名词用作形容词:名词作表语时,一般与主语构成同位关系;形容词作表语时,一般是对主语的描述。2.误把名词用作名词所有格:表示“的”应用所有格形式。2019·全国To everyones surprising, the
21、ball went into the net.答案与解析surprisingsurpriseto sbs surprise是固定结构,意为“使某人惊讶的是”,因此将surprising改为surprise。1.2018·全国When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night. 2.2016·全国My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. 答案与解析1.FridaysFriday名词
22、Friday修饰night,Friday night意为“周五晚上”。2.honesthonesty主语是key,表语与其构成同位关系,并非对主语的描述,故honest应用名词形式。考查角度2动词考点1谓语动词的错用该考点主要考查动词的时态和语态等。1.动词形式的错用:有些动词的过去式与过去分词是不一样的,应注意其不同点;情态动词后一般跟动词原形,表示对过去的推测时其后跟“have+过去分词”。2.时态的错用:应通过“时间标志词”判断;通过“时态定义”判断;通过“动作先后顺序”判断。3.语态的错用:被动语态构成错误;系动词没有被动语态;不及物动词或短语无被动语态。4.虚拟语气的错用:条件从句中
23、的虚拟语气,应注意表示与现在、过去、将来相反时从句谓语动词的形式;宾语从句中的虚拟语气,在表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等词后的宾语从句中谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。5.上下文时态不一致:在上下文语境中,谓语动词的时态应保持一致。1.2019·全国Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts.答案与解析requiredrequires根据may可知,本句时态为一般现在时,且主语为it,故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。2.2018·全国During my last wint
24、er holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.答案与解析findfound这里讲述的是去年寒假的事情,故此处应用一般过去时,把find改为found。1.2017·全国About one month after this photo was took.2.2017·全国Besides, they often get some useful information from the Internet. When s
25、ummer came,they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!3.2016·全国Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking. 4.2016·全国Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.答案与解析1.tooktaken由语境可知此处表示被动,一般过去时的被动语态的结构为“was
26、/ were+及物动词的过去分词”。take的过去分词为taken。2.camecomeswhen引导时间状语从句,如果主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。3.usingusedfresh vegetables and high quality oil与use之间为动宾关系,故此处应用被动语态。4.去掉can或canshouldsuggest在此处表示“建议”,后跟宾语从句时,从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气,故此处用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。考点2非谓语动词的错用该考点主要考查动词不定式、v-ing形式以及过去分词的用法、谓语动词与非谓语动词的混用、并列结构中非
27、谓语动词的误用等。1.不定式符号to的多余:在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面跟不带to的不定式作宾补。2.不定式符号to的缺失:有些动词,如want、decide、plan等后应接带to的不定式作宾语。3.误把非谓语动词用作谓语动词:句中已有谓语动词,且另一动词不作并列谓语,则只能用非谓语动词。4.现在分词与过去分词的错用:现在分词表主动、进行;过去分词表被动、完成;现在分词转化的形容词表示“令人的”,常修饰物;而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感到的”,常修饰人。5.介词to与不定式符号to的用法区别:不定式符号to后接动词原形,而介词to后跟动名词形式。1.2019·全国One
28、was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor.答案与解析amazingamazedbe amazed at“对感到惊讶”。此处表示人的状态,故将amazing改为amazed。2.2016·浙江He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us.答案与解析knowingknowpretend后接不定式作宾语,这里是其否定形式,不定式符号to后应该跟动词原形,所以应把knowin
29、g改为know。1.2017·全国When summer comes,they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!2.2016·全国We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.3.2016·全国I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. 答案与解析1.pick前加to主句出现了两个动词,分析句子结构可知,这里要将第二个动词变为非谓语动词。invite sb to
30、 do sth“邀请某人做某事”,所以把第二个动词变为to do不定式的形式,表目的,故在pick前加上to。 2.taketakingbetween.and.“在和之间”,是固定结构。and前后连接的是并列成分。and前用了动名词staying,所以其后也应用动名词。3.wearwearing介词by后应用动名词作宾语。考查角度3形容词和副词该考点主要考查形容词和副词的词性辨析、词义辨析、比较等级以及-ing形式和-ed形式的形容词的辨析等。考点1形容词之间、副词之间的错用1.意近引起的错用:如many和much都表示“很多”,但many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。2.形近引起的错
31、用:如hard与hardly虽然形式相近,但词义相差甚远。3.意思重复:如so和very表达同一含义,故不能同时使用。2017·全国In their spare time,they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden.答案与解析interestinginterested由于此句的主语是they,指人,故把interesting改为interested。be interested in“对感兴趣”。1.Much rare animals are dying out.2.He liked it so very mu
32、ch that he quickly walked into the shop.3.I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it.答案与解析1.MuchManymuch 修饰不可数名词,many修饰可数名词复数,animals为复数形式,故把Much改为Many。2.去掉very此处为so.that.句式,so和very表达的意思重复,故应去掉very。3.hardlyhard此处应用hard表示“努力地”,而hardly表示“几乎不”。考点2形容词和副词比较等级的错用1.原级与比较等级的错用:比较等级一般都有比较的范围;有些词
33、本身就含有最高级含义,不能再用最高级,如favorite、wonderful等;有些词不与than连用却有比较意义,如be senior to等。2.比较级的重复:若形容词和副词后面加了-er,前面就不能再用more。1.2019·全国One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor.答案与解析去掉moremuch修饰well的比较级better,表示程度。2.2018 ·全国 I was afraid to s
34、peak in front of a larger group of people.答案与解析larger large此处指一大群人,上下文中无比较对象。1.2016·全国They were also the best and worse years in my life. 2.2016·四川The dishes that I cooked were Moms favoritest.答案与解析1.worseworstand之前用了best,与best并列的词也应用最高级。2.favoritestfavoritefavorite本身含有最高级意义,无最高级
35、形式。考点3形容词与副词、形容词与名词的错用1.形容词与副词的错用:一般来说,作定语和表语用形容词;作状语用副词,一般用副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。2.误把形容词用作名词:一般来说,对名词或代词的描述用形容词。1.2019·全国What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.答案与解析ordinarilyordinary此处应用形容词作cafe的定语,故将ordinarily改为ordinary。2.2018·全国 I felt happily that their life ha
36、d improved.答案与解析happily happyfeel在句中是系动词,意为“觉得”,后面应用形容词作表语。1.2016·全国At one time, I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. 2.Dad and I were terrible worried.答案与解析1.freelyfreebe free from“摆脱”。2.terribleterribly修饰形容词worried应用副词。对点集训(三十五)(时间:50分
37、钟).单句改错(名词的误用)1.2019·全国Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do. 2.2019·全国I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. 3.2017·全国.they often get some useful informations from the Internet. 4.2016·浙江When I was a very you
38、ng children,my father created a regular practice I remember well years later. 5.2016·全国If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. 6.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. 7.One day,little Tony went to a shoppin
39、g center with his parent.It was very crowded. .he turned around and found that his parents were missing. 8.Since thenfor all these yearwe have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. 9.For example,we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every d
40、ay. 10.He was tall,with broad shoulder and a beard that turned from black to gray over the years. 11.When tea got popular in Britain,there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits. 12.From the time I was about four until I was about six,I destroyed each of my
41、 toy. 13.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. 14.I have a strong beliefs that one day Chinese students can buy these tickets,too. 15.About 20 percent of baby feel nervous when they see strangers. 16.You cant legally take possessions of the property until
42、 three weeks after the contract is signed. 17.The students with hobbies left school with many extra skill. 18.Whats more, they impressed us deeply with their unusual confidences and performances. 答案与解析1.jobjobsjob是可数名词,其前有different修饰,“不同的工作”是复数概念,故此处用jobs。2.citycitiesmany d
43、ifferent后面应用city的复数形式。3.informationsinformationinformation是不可数名词,没有复数形式。4.childrenchild根据句中的I was a可知,其后名词应该用单数。5.knowledgesknowledgeknowledge为不可数名词,没有复数形式。6.airsairair表示“空气”时是不可数名词,没有复数形式。谓语动词is getting也是提示。7.parentparents根据下文中的his parents were missing可知,此处要用复数parents。8.yearyearsthese后应接可数名词复数。9.第1
44、个hourhoursone and a half修饰可数名词的复数,故第1个hour用复数。10.shouldershoulders根据常识可知,肩有左肩和右肩,因此shoulder通常用复数。11.cupcups根据handles可知,cup应用复数。12.toytoyseach of后接可数名词复数。13.luggagesluggageluggage是不可数名词,没有复数形式。14.beliefsbelief根据a strong可知,belief用单数形式。15.babybabiesbaby是可数名词,前面有百分数修饰,且谓语动词是复数形式,故用复数形式babies。16.possessi
45、onspossessiontake possession of “拥有;占有”,为固定搭配。17.skillskillsmany修饰可数名词复数。18.confidencesconfidenceconfidence表示“自信”之意时是不可数名词, 没有复数形式。.短文改错(滚动考点)Passage 12020·郑州一中月考Three years ago, I went to the Sunshine Coast in Thailand and take my first adventure to an underwater world. Pattaya, a fascinating
46、place, which attracts many tourist from around the world every year. I was filling with excitement because this was my first trip to the seaside. The sea was as blue as the sky and bathed in the sunshine on the beach was really an enjoyably thing. Then I started my underwater trip. At beginning, I had a hard time adapt my eyes to the water pressure, but after a while, I was in a paradise(天堂)! I was amazed with the brightness of the tropical fish, the beauty of the sea horses as good as the power of the sharks.答案Three years ago, I went to the Sunshine Coast