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1、专题01 阅读理解之说明文（一）1.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） People often talk about cultural differences between western and eastern countries, but how about the western world itself? Surprisingly, a closer look at it can reveal a good many curious details.The most obvious characteristic of the majority of Americans is
2、that they smile a lot. It does not matter whether they have a strong reason to smile; they do it, sometimes simply because they have to. A smile is not just a powerful marketing tool but also a way to show that someone is friendly, and that life in general is fine. Europeans, on the contrary, prefer
3、 to keep a more neutral (不露声色的) facial expression. They smile mostly when they are in a good mood, or feel amused; if not, a Europeans face will remain neutral, or even dull. In Russia, for example, there is a proverb saying that laughing for no reason is a sign of a fool. It does not mean that Euro
4、peans are serious, or that they do not have a sense of humor.The same refers to communication in general. Americans are extremely communicative; small talk and chats are common. Europeans talk mostly when there is something to say, and rarely enter communication just for the purpose of talking to ot
5、her people. American people prefer to express what they think carefully, considering how it might affect surrounding people. Europeans are more straightforward, even with unfamiliar people. A European friend will almost always voice their opinion on different occasions, and will not hesitate to remi
6、nd you that you need to lose some weight or take a shower.It can be said that Americans are people of contrasts. They are open-minded, flexible, and ready to accept everything new enthusiastically; but at the same time, American society manages to bring up unbelievable conservatives. Americans are e
7、xtremely politically correct, which, in most cases, is indeed a secure and beneficial practice, but it can also mess up daily or even private communication, sometimes preventing having close relationships. Europeans, on the contrary, are more straightforward, preferring to tell the truth in direct w
8、ays. Each way of communication is different neither is correct or incorrect.4What does the author say about smiling?AIt is culture-related within western countries.BIt is a powerful marketing tool across cultures.CIt is thought of as a sign of a fool in America.DIt is regarded as being socially nece
9、ssary in Europe.5What is typical of Europeans communication?ABeating around the bush.BHaving small talk and chats.CHiding their feelings carefully.DExpressing themselves openly.6What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?ABeing straightforward.BBeing politically correct.CAccep
10、ting everything new.DRaising unbelievable conservatives.7How is the text mainly developed?ABy analyzing cause and effect.BBy making comparisons.CBy classifying body language.DBy discussing research findings.2.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） Scientists have created the worlds first living, self-healing (自愈) rob
11、ots using stem cells from frogs. Named after the African clawed frog from which they take their stem cells, xenobots are less than a millimeter wide (0. 04 inches) small enough to travel inside human bodies. They can walk and swim, survive for weeks without food, and work together in groups. These a
12、re “entirely new life-forms,” said project co-leader Michael Levin, director of the Allen Discovery Center.The researchers removed living stem cells, which have the ability to develop into different cell types, from frog embryos (胚胎), and left them to incubate (孵化). Then, the cells were cut and resh
13、aped into specific “body forms” designed by a supercomputer.” Theyre neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal,” said robotics expert Joshua Bongard. The cells then began to work on their own and even have the regenerative power; when the scientists cut the living robot almost in hal
14、f, its cells automatically zippered its body back up.Xenobots dont look like traditional robots-they have no shiny clothing or robotic arms. Instead ,they look more like a tiny drop of moving pink flesh. The researchers say this is deliberate-this biological machine can achieve things typical robots
15、 of steel and plastic cannot do.” Traditional robots degrade (降解) over time and can produce harmful ecological and health side effects,” researchers said in the study. As biological machines, xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health, the study said.Research is being done
16、 into using the robots to clean up radioactive waste or even microplastics from the oceans. Scientists are also trying to include a greater variety of cells; a new nervous system for example. However, some people argue that the addition of nerve cells would cause moral problems. The general public h
17、ave also expressed concern that humans would be taken control of by robots. However, Michael Levin thinks theres no need to worry. “Xenobots have no ability to reproduce or evolve. The supercomputer which is used to produce them does use artificial intelligence. But for now, all is fine,” said Levin
18、.8What is the text mainly about?AThe advantage of AI technology.BThe introduction of a latest robot.CThe medical value of African frogs.DThe application of robots in medicine.9Which of the following best explains “regenerative” underlined in Paragraph 2?AHealing by itself.BReplacing old cells.CLivin
19、g much longer.DDefending against attacks.10What do we know about xenobots?AThey can break up steel and plastic while degrading.BThey can do everything that traditional robots can do.CThey do less harm to the environment and human health.DThey often change their color deliberately while moving.11What
20、 is Michael Levins attitude toward the development of xenobots?AAmbiguous.BPositive.CSkeptical.DCautious.3.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） A new study recently found that elephants in central African forests can encourage the growth of slow-growing trees and increase the ability of the forest to store carbon.“
21、As a tree, theres a trade-off you cant have it all,” explained Fabio Berzaghi, who led the study. “You either invest in growing fast, or in building a lot of structure with carbon to be more resistant.” Elephants prefer to eat fast-growing trees in more open spaces. As they feed and walk, they cause
22、 damage to these species, knocking over trees or breaking off branches, which results in an ecosystem that favors large, slow-growing hardwood trees. “As the elephants thin the forest, they increase the number of slow-growing trees and the forest is capable of storing more carbon, ” said Stephen Bla
23、ke, one of the papers authors.Scientists collected field measurements in the Congo Basin and used a computer model to predict how elephants would affect forest structure, and carbon storage potential in the long term. The data confirmed that when elephants are present, the forest contains larger tre
24、es and higher abundances of species with high wood density. Conversely (相反地)，should forest elephants go extinct, leaving those slow-growing trees struggling to compete with fast-growing species, it would result in a 7 percent loss of above-ground biomass (生物总量). As a result, central African forests
25、could lose up to three billion tons of carbon, potentially accelerating climate change.The sad reality is that humans are doing their best to rid the planet of elephants. “This study comes at a time when forest elephants are threatened as never before,” said Iain Douglas Hamilton, founder of Save th
26、e Elephants. “It is shocking that just as we are beginning to understand how elephants might have a key role in Africa in storing carbon, they are under real threat of extinction.” One limitation of the study, Mr. Berzaghi said, is that we do not know how much carbon has already been lost because of
27、 the elephants decline. But it does seem certain, he added, that putting a stop to illegal hunting and restoring forest elephant populations would bring climate benefits.12What can we infer about slow-growing trees in Paragraph 2?AThey are elephants favorite food.BThey are easily hurt by elephants.C
28、They can help forests store carbon.DThey may reduce elephant populations.13What would happen without elephants living in central African forests?AClimate change would possibly be sped up.BThe forest structure would remain unchanged.CThe forests would lose more fast-growing trees.DLarger trees would
29、defeat fast-growing species.14What did Mr. Berzaghi suggest people do?ALead a low-carbon life.BEvaluate the carbon loss.CStop destroying forests.DProtect forest elephants.15What is the best title for the text?AHumans and Nature Live in HarmonyBElephants Disappear in Parts of AfricaCClimate Change Af
30、fects Forest StructureDElephants Defend Against Climate Change4.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测）The Most Tech Friendly School in the WorldForget a pen and paper! This new-fashioned school relies on iPads, touch screens, projectors and even electronic locker keys. The Philadelphia School of the Futures main go
31、al is to equip students with the most knowledge in technology fields. While it struggled back when it opened in 2006, it is now one of the most in-demand schools.Hamburger UniversityNo, this school isnt about perfecting the hamburger. Actually, it sort of is! The McDonalds training facility is where
32、 restaurant managers go to learn the craft (手艺). From making a hamburger to dealing with complaining customers, it takes a lot to handle the running of Micky Ds. Also, imagine having Hamburger University on your resume (简历), now that would make you stand out from the crowd!Real Life Clown (小丑) Colle
33、geWhile movies and televisions shows love to make fun of kids and adults alike running off to join clown college or the circus but turns out, it wasnt made up. The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around.
34、Its a tough job alright? Imaging wearing a bright red nose while kids scream at you for a balloon animal.Charles Howard Santa Claus SchoolSet up in the 1930s this famous institution aims to produce the very best Santas. Potential Mr Claus will learn how to interact with children and of course, how t
35、o laugh like the real deal. While you wouldnt take the course unless you planned on being a professional Santa, it sure would be fun to play dress up for a day!1What do we know about The Philadelphia School of the Future?AIt has been run smoothly since 2006.BIt employs digital device in fruitful way
36、s.CIts popularity has declined in recent years.DIt aims to spread knowledge in many fields.2Which school may help you become a comedian?AThe Philadelphia School of the Future.BHamburger University.CReal Life Clown College.DCharles Howard Santa Claus School.3Which of the following best describes the
37、four school?AEntertaining.BAncient.CWild.DUnusual.5.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测） Brain disease research could be sped up using a smartphone-controlled “plug-and-play” neural implant (神经植入管) invented by scientists from the USA and South Korea.The researchers, who come primarily from the Korea Advanced Inst
38、itute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the University of Washington, designed the soft device to deliver drugs or coloured lights directly to targeted neurons (神经元), with the goal of accelerating discovery about addiction, depression and pain. The LEDs involved are smaller than a grain of salt,
39、 and the drugs are delivered by tiny channels with the thickness of a human hair.For researchers, the main advantage of the new wireless implant is ease of use. The inventors describe its replaceable drug tube as “lego-like” and “plug-and-lay”, while set-up happens over an “elegant, simple” smartpho
40、ne interface (界面).For the subjects, in current testing the small, soft device wont impede movement and is safer to use over time. Current devices used in this field are rigid, so they cause damages in soft brain tissue over time. With the new devices, scientists can now monitor one area of the brain
41、 over much longer periods, and with the test subjects moving freely.“It allows us to better analyze the neural basis of behavior in various ways,” said Michael Bruchas, a professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine who heads the Bruchas Lab. “We are also eager to use the device to h
42、elp us develop new treatments for pain, addiction and emotional disorders.”The researchers, who published their findings in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering, created the implant for laboratory use with animals but would like to develop the technology for clinical applications in the future,
43、 meaning one day a similar device could be tested on humans.Their invention comes after three years of cooperation between the Jeong group at KAIST in Daejeon and the Bruchas Lab in Seattle. The former specializes in soft electronics for wearable and implantable devices, while the latter is a resear
44、ch laboratory focusing on stress, depression, addiction, pain and other diseases.12How does the device work?AIt locates a certain position in neurons.BIt directly cures the damaged neurons.CIt delivers drugs through a human hair.DIt directly controls coloured lights.13Which is closest in meaning to
45、the underlined word “impede” in Paragragh 4?ADestroy.BIncrease.CImprove.DPrevent.14What can we learn about the device?AIt helps to observe the whole brain work.BIt has been tested on humans to deal with diseases.CIt helps to find new ways to cure some diseases.DIt has been invented by the Bruchas La
46、b.15What is the best title for the text?ABrain Neural Implant by SmartphoneBA New Smartphone That Controls BrainCThe Development in Exploring BrainsDA New Cure for the Brain Diseases6.（2020届福建省厦门市高三一次质检） For much of the 20th century, milk was a simple part of daily life in the U.S., as farmers raise
47、d cows, milkmen delivered bottles and children drank it at school. But those days are fading. On January 5 Borden Dairy, the milk processor with a cheery Elsie the cow on its label, announced to be filing for bankruptcy (破产) protection. Borden Dairy, which said it was affected by “market challenges
48、facing the milk industry,” follows Dean Foods, Americas largest milk producer, which filed for bankruptcy protection in November.America has fallen out of love with drinking milk, as there are more lower-calorie options and people are preferring water bottles to milk cartons (盒子). Americans each drank about 146 lb. of fluid milk-a category that includes products from skim to creamin 2018, according to the USDAs Economic Research Service. That may sound like a lot, but its down 26% just since 2000.The downturn has been tough on milk p