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1、专题02阅读理解之说明文1.（2020届江西省重点中学盟校高三第一次联考）Scientists say they've developed a system using machine learning to predict when and where lighting will strike. The research was led by engineers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland.European researchers have estimated that
2、 between 6,000 and 24,000 people are killed by lightning worldwide each year. The strikes can also cause power outages, destroy property, damage electrical equipment and start forest fires. For these reasons, climate scientists have long sought to develop methods to predict and control lightning. In
3、 the United States and other places, ground-based sensing devices are used to identify strikes as they happen. But, no system has been created to effectively predict lightning.The system tested in the experiments used a combination of data from weather stations and machine learning methods. The rese
4、archers developed a prediction model that was trained to recognize weather conditions that were likely to cause lightning.The model was created with data collected over a 12-year period from 12 Swiss weather stations in cities and mountain areas. The data related to four main surface conditions: air
5、 pressure, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed.The atmospheric data was placed into a machine learning algorithm（算法）, which compared it to records of lightning strikes. Researchers say the algorithm was then able to learn the conditions under which lightning happens.Amirhossein Mostaja
6、bi is a PhD student at the institute who led the development of the method. He said, “current systems for gathering such data are slow and complex and require costly collection equipment like radar or satellites.”“Our method uses data that can be obtained from any weather station,” Mostajabi said. “
7、This will improve data collection in very remote areas not covered by radar and satellite or in places where communication systems have been cut,” be added.The researchers plan to keep developing the technology in partnership with a European effort that aims to create a lightning protection system.
8、The effort is called the European Laser Lightning Rod project.8Why have climate scientists tried to predict and control lighting?ATo collect relative data.BTo reduce the destruction lightning has been causing.CTo create a scientific system.DTo do research in relation to machine learning.9The four me
9、ntioned surface conditions include all the following EXCEPT _.Aair pollutionBwind speedCrelative humidityDair temperature10What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 5 refer to?Alighting.Bthe system being tested.Cthe atmospheric data.Dthe machine learning algorithm.11What can we learn about Mos
10、tajabi from the passage?AHe developed the method and the system himself.BHe thinks the current systems are too slow and simple.CHe is a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.DHe believes their system does much better in data collection.2.（2020届辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三模拟）SHORTLIST OF LONDON
11、9;S BESTIf you have limited visiting time we recommend you follow this list.1) Houses of Parliament. The guided tours of the Houses of Parliament are excellent, in any language you want, and get you to places that even normal Brits can't. However, when Parliament is sitting, they are not running
12、, but you can still get in.2) Hampton Court. We rate this as one of the best attractions in Europe. A whole succession of kings and queens have added to Henry VIIIs original palace. There lie a fantastic park (by Capability Brown) and gardens (including the famous maze), and Tudor kitchens and one o
13、f the last remaining Real Tennis courts. Lots of free (once you've paid the admission) guided tours, some in costume, by people who know and love the place. It's also surrounded by a series of parks and makes a great destination for a bike trip - train out (30 minutes from Waterloo), bike ba
14、ck (12 miles) along the river. We prefer it to the Tower of London - you'll probably want to visit both, it knocks the spots off Buckingham Palace.3) The River. Walk along the South Bank from Tower Bridge to Lambeth. The best of London is spread out for you: The Tower of London & Tower Bridg
15、e, The Houses of Parliament, Lambeth Palace (residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury), Shakespeare's Globe theatre, Both Tate Galleries, St Paul's Cathedral, The South Bank Centre, The Temple, The London Eye, Westminster Abbey, Somerset House. (A 2 hour walk if you don't stop for long)
16、. Or you can take a boat out to Greenwich, the Thames Barrier or the Dome.4) Westminster Abbey. Where they crown Kings. An unreasonable admission charge (should really be free or voluntary donation), but a masterpiece anyway. If you get bored of waiting in the queue, or packed down by the crowds, hu
17、rry yourself off to the City where there's more square space of historic church, and empty.5) The Theatre. It'd be a crime to visit London and not take in a show. Londoners have been passionate about theatre for centuries. Not only is the quality high, but the price is low one third the pric
18、e of Broadway.1Which tour will a foreign student studying the history of British Royal Family most probably prefer？Athe tour to Westminster AbbeyBthe tour to Tower BridgeCthe tour to Somerset HouseDthe tour to Hampton Court2What time does the underlined statement “when Parliament is sitting” in para
19、graph 2 refer to?Awhen the Parliament is not officially in session.Bwhen the members of Parliament are debating over a hot issue.Cwhen the Parliament is staying idle for repairs.Dwhen the members of Parliament are taking a break after some exercise3Why are Londoners fond of theatre?AThey enjoy the c
20、riminal drama plots.BThey enjoy the inexpensive admission.CThey enjoy the Classical Music and Opera.DThey enjoy the scene of Shakespeares Globe theatre.3.（2020届辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三模拟） By now youve probably heard about the “youre not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating se
21、niors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you're anything special, because you're not.” Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony - and a whole lot of other parents across the internet - took issue with his ego-puncturing words. But lost in the anger and protest was something we
22、 really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they're particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better
23、 at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it's not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average.Such inflated (膨胀的) self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it's often exactly when we're least competent at a given task tha
24、t we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly. Poor stude
25、nts, the authors note, "lack insight" into their own inadequacy. Why should this be? Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with co-author Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: the
26、y're not good at what they do, and their ineptness (笨拙) prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.In Dunning and Kruger's study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor "extremely overestimated" their talents. Although their test scores
27、 put them in the 12th percentile, they guessed they were in the 62nd. What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was "metacognitive skill" (元认知技巧): the capacity to monitor how well they're performing. In the absence of that capacity,
28、 the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There's a paradox (悖论) here, the authors note: “The skills that develop competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judg
29、ing how well were doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself.There are a couple of ways out of this double bind (两难). First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don't possess it, and compare w
30、hat you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you're doing, but just what it is that you're doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, succes
31、s indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up.If we adopt these strategies - and most importantly, teach them to our children - they won't nee
32、d parents, or a commencement(毕业典礼) speaker, to tell them that they're special. They'll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way.8What does the underlined phrase “took issue with” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?Atotally approved ofBdisagreed withCfully understoodDheld dis
33、cussion about9What is the problem that shouldn't be overlooked in the authors opinion?Awe dont know whether our young people are talented or notByoung people can't reasonably define themselvesCno requirement is set up for young people to get betterDwe always tend to consider ourselves to be
34、privileged10Which is NOT mentioned about poor students according to the passage?AThey lack the capacity to monitor how well they are performing.BThey usually give themselves high scores in self-evaluations.CThey tend to be unable to know exactly how bad they are.DThey are intelligently inadequate in
35、 tests and exams.11What does the strategies of becoming special suggest?Athe best way to recognize excellence is to study past success and failureBthrough comparison with others, one will know where and when he failsCwe need internal honesty with ourselves and external honesty from othersDneither pa
36、rents nor a commencement speaker can tell whether one is special4.（2020届辽宁省锦州市高三一模） Jellyfish are unusual creatures. Theyre neither fish nor jelly. Some are among the most colourful creatures in the world, but its best to look but not touch these invertebrates（无脊椎动物）. Not only are they very fragile
37、creatures, but many give a painful sting, and some are even deadly. Whether you admire them in an aquarium or try to avoid them in the wild, you wont be able to get these fascinating jellyfish facts out of your head.Heres a jellyfish fact that might come in handy: There are several names for a group
38、 of jellyfish. They include smack, bloom, and swarm. Choose the word you prefer depending on whether you think the jellyfish pack looks like a garden of blooming flowers or more like a frightening pack of stingers, and whether youre admiring them at an aquarium or if you and your fellow snorkelers a
39、re surrounded.Jellyfish have two main forms in their life cycle that look quite different from each other. Scientific American explains that an adult jellyfish, called a medusa, has a bell-shaped body with tentacles（触须）flowing down below it. Young jellyfish, called polyps, look more like sea anemone
40、s, with shorter tentacles that flow up above the main body. Medusas reproduce by releasing eggs.Melanie Roberts, Senior Aquarist at SeaWorld Orlando, says that the largest jellyfish in the world is a lions mane jellyfish. The body of this beautiful orange jelly can grow up to three feet in diameter.
41、 With its 12,000 tentacles that can grow 120 feet long, Oceana.org adds that the lions mane jelly compares in size to the planets largest animal: the blue whale.Regardless of their size, jellyfish are mostly made of water. In fact, theyre about 95 per cent water.These creatures dont have brains, blo
42、od, or bones. And most jellyfish dont have eyes. Jellyfish also use their mouths both for eating and for waste removal.8Why cant we touch jellyfish?ABecause they may be stung.BBecause they may die easily.CBecause they may feel painful.DBecause they may hurt people.9What are jellyfish named after?AIt
43、s size.BIts color.CIts appearance.DIts lifestyle.10What can we learn from the passage?AMouth is an important organ for jellyfish.BPolyps can clone themselves by laying eggs.CThe largest jellyfish in the world is 120 feet long.DMedusas have tentacles flowing up above the body.11What can be the best t
44、itle of the passage?ASeveral facts about jellyfish.BThe two main forms of jellyfish.CJellyfish are neither fish nor jelly.DJellyfish have many different names.5.（2020届辽宁省锦州市高三一模） Fancy your own satellite? Arizona State University is working towards making this a reality with its SunCube FemtoSat pro
45、ject. Smaller than a standard CubeSat, the low-cast student-designed spacecraft is aimed at providing greater access to space for scientists and hobbyists alike.Assistant professor Jekan Thanga and a team of students have been developing the SunCube FemtoSat for the past two years. The small 3×
46、3×3cm cube weighs in at just 35g and a longer (3×3×9cm, 100g) model has also been designed, which includes storage space.Each SunCube FemtoSat has its own communication, data collection and propulsion (推进) systems and is powered by solar panels. It is made of off-the-shelf parts that
47、are available in shops, and the energy-efficient solar panels are cut from scrap (碎片), which makes it save energy, sold at a discount by manufacturers. “With a spacecraft of this size, any university can do it,” says Thanga. “Thats part of our major goalspace discovery for everybody.”The team says t
48、hat while launching your own satellite would usually cost between US $ 60,000-70,000 per kilo, it would only cost $ 1,000 to send a SunCube FemtoSat to the International Space Station, and $ 3,000 to send it into low earth orbit. Leaving the earths gravity would cost an estimated $ 27,000.The FemtoS
49、at would be packed with a “jack in the box” style system that matches standard CubeSat sizes (around 10 cubic cm), simplifying the process of getting the tiny satellite into orbit. NASA has sent 30 CubeSats into space over the last years, with another 50 awaiting launch.Thanga and his staff view the FemtoSat as a starting point for scientists and students, and even hope the device could be bought on the website like Amazon one day. Thanga i