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1、Welcome unit Grammar句子成分及简单句的基本句型语 境 自 主 领 悟先观察原句后自主感悟1.People speak in a more polite way in formal situations.2.A boy meets a girl during a break.3.The class was difficult.4.He even told us a funny story.5.I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.6.I just had my first maths c
2、lass in senior high school！7.There's a lot to explore in senior high.一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成，这些部分叫作句子成分。句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语和独立成分。句子的主要成分是主语和谓语，而充当谓语的动词有不同的种类，这就形成了英语简单句的不同句型。共有五种基本句型和there be结构。一、句子成分1主语(The Subject)主语是一个句子叙述的主体，说明句子讲的是谁或者是什么情况。能够充当主语的词通常有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词ing形式等，也可由从句来
3、作主语。To say it is one thing；to do it is another.说是一回事；做是另一回事。(不定式作主语)What we can't get seems better than what we have.我们得不到的似乎比我们拥有的更好。(从句作主语)2谓语(The Predicate)谓语一般放在主语之后，用来说明主语的动作、特征、行为或存在的状语。谓语通常由动词或短语动词来充当，具有各种时态、语态和语气的变化，前面还可以加上助动词或情态动词等。The room can hold twenty people.这屋子可容下20个人。My legs gave
4、 out after the long trip.长途跋涉后我的腿筋疲力尽了。3表语(The Predicative)表语用来表述主语的特征、状态、身份等，一般跟在连系动词之后，一起构成系表结构。可以用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句等。He is a light eater but a heavy sleeper.他这人饭吃得少却很能睡。Keep still while I photograph you.我在给你照相时你不要动。That's where I was born.那就是我出生的地方。4宾语(The Object)宾语在句中充当动作的承受
5、者，一般位于及物动词之后，表明行为动作的支配对象。可以充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词ing形式或从句等。在英语中，介词之后的句子成分也通常称之为宾语。Drug taking is against the law.吸毒是违法的。He promised to come as soon as possible.他答应尽快来。I remember giving her money back last week.我记得上星期已经还给她钱了。有些动词后面可以带双宾语，即间接宾语(通常是人)和直接宾语(通常是物)。在一般情况下，间接宾语位于直接宾语之前；如果间接宾语跟在直接宾语之
6、后要使用介词to或for。They will give us all the books.(本句中间接宾语us表示动作是对谁做的)他们将把所有的书给我们。They will give all the books to us.Dad bought me a new CD player.(本句中间接宾语me表示动作是为谁做的)爸爸给我买了一台新的CD播放机。Dad bought a new CD player for me.但有时间接宾语前的介词使用要根据动词的固定搭配来决定。李老师上课问了我一个问题。那孩子捉弄了我一下。5宾语补足语(The Object Complement)英语中有些及物动词
7、，除了有直接宾语外，还必须有一个补充说明宾语怎么样、做什么等的成分，句子的意思才能完整。句子的这一成分称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。能够充当宾语补足语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及非谓语动词等。His fellows chose him captain of their team.他的队友们选他当了队长。His words immediately set us laughing.他的话立即把我们都逗乐了。They found everything in the exhibition in good order.他们发现展览会上每件东西都放得井井有条。6定语(The Attribute)定语
8、通常用来修饰名词或代词，说明其品质或特征。可用作定语的有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句等。单个的词作定语时一般位于被修饰的名词前面，短语和从句作定语时一般位于被修饰词的后面。Rowling is a writer full of great imagination.罗琳是一个富有想象力的作家。The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会是十分美好的。Anyone who breaks the rule shall be punished.任何违规的人都将受到处罚。7状语(The Adverbial)状语在句中通常修饰动词
9、、形容词、副词以及全句，用来说明事情发生或存在的时间、地位、原因、目的、方式等。可用作状语的有副词、非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句等。状语的位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末。We really want that equipment.我们确实需要那台设备。Given more time，he would be able to do better.假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。The dress won't match your hairstyle if it is shortened.这裙子如果改短了的话，与你的发型不相称了。8同位语(The Appositive)同位语由名词或
10、名词词组、代词或从句构成，用于说明或解释它之前的名词或代词的内容或情况，其句法作用和所修饰的名词相同。Her mother has three children，two boys and a girl.她妈妈生了三个孩子：两个男孩和一个女孩。Then came the most exciting moment，the one we could never forget.接着是最激动人心的时刻，一个我们永远也忘不了的时刻。This is the problem that we cannot find enough skilled workers for this project.问题是我们无法为
11、此工程找到那么多的熟练工。9独立成分在句子中插入一个词或词组，这个词或词组并不和句子的其他成分发生语法关系，如修饰关系、一致关系或连接关系等，从而是一种独立成分。独立成分包括呼唤语、感叹语和插入语等。Hurry up，comrades，or we'll be late.快点，同志们，要不然我们就迟到了。(呼唤语)Well，here we are at last!好啦，我们终于到了！(感叹语)This is all we have got，you see.你瞧，我们所有的东西都在这里了。(插入语)名师点津同位语一般紧跟其说明的成分之后，但有时为了平衡句子的结构，也可位于句首或被其他成分所
12、分隔开。A person of French origin，he is now an American citizen.他的籍贯在法国，但他现在是美国公民。(主语是人称代词he)The thought came to him that he should immediately leave the hotel.一个念头出现在他脑子里他应立即离开酒店。(谓语动词太短)英语中常见的感叹语Ah啊(表示惊讶、痛苦、喜悦等)Oh哦，哎哟(表示惊讶、害怕等)Mm唔(表示同意)Wow哇(表示惊叹、赞美)Yippee啊呀(表示开心、快乐)Hey嗨(用于引起注意)Come得啦(表示鼓励、劝导)My哎呀(表示惊讶
13、、高兴)There好了(表示放松、满意)Aha啊哈(表示愉快或得意)Ouch哎唷(表示痛哭)Pooh呸(表示轻蔑)Tut嘘(表示焦虑、责难)Hush嘘(叫人安静)Well噢(表示惊讶、快慰、让步等)Why哎呀(表示惊讶、不耐烦)What什么(表示惊讶、气愤、不相信)Here喂(用来引人注意或表示异议)二、五种基本句型句子的主要成分是主语和谓语，而充当谓语的动词有不同的种类，这就形成了英语简单句的不同句型。1主语连系动词表语该句型可简称为“主系表结构(SVP)”。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知识更重要。The sky look
14、s gray.天空看上去灰蒙蒙的。2主语谓语该句型可简称为“主谓结构(SV)”，谓语是不及物动词或短语动词。Birds can fly.鸟儿会飞。The weather varies from day to day.天气一天天变化。3主语谓语宾语该句型可简称为“主谓宾结构(SVO)”，谓语通常是及物动词或短语动词。Not all boys enjoy playing football.并非所有男孩都爱踢足球。Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths every year.仅空气污染每年就要造成三百万人死亡。4主语谓语间接宾语直
15、接宾语该句型可简称为“主谓宾宾结构(SVOO)”，间接宾语通常是人，直接宾语通常是物。She made me a cup of tea.她给我沏了一杯茶。Could you offer her a job in your stadium?你能在演播室给她安排一个职位吗？5主语谓语宾语宾语补足语该句型可简称为“主谓宾宾补结构(SVOC)”，宾语补足语与宾语一起构成复合宾语。He painted the ceiling yellow.他把天花板漆成了黄色。No one saw him go out.没人看见他出去。锦囊妙记英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型关键是动词，各种搭配随之变；系词后面跟表
16、语，vi.单用无宾语；vt.又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见，还有宾语补足语，各种结构记心间。三、there be结构there be结构是中学英语中一种常见的特殊句子结构，在这种结构中，there本身并没有什么意义，其后的动词(通常是be)往往表示“存在”的意思，所以there be结构也称之为“存在句”。1there be结构的构成Athere be结构主要由“therebe名词主语其他”构成。there be结构中的谓语动词的人称和数的形式要与最近的主语保持一致。There is no loyal road to learning.学问之道无捷径。There is a doctor and t
17、wo nurses in the medical team.这个医疗队由1位医生和2名护士组成。There were no footprints to be seen.看不见任何足迹。Bthere be结构中的be有多种谓语表现形式。There is going to be a film this weekend.这个周末有电影。There seems to be no suitable work for him.看来似乎没有任何合适的工作让他去干。There happened to be nobody in the room.碰巧屋里无人。Cthere be结构中的动词be可被其他动词替换。
18、there be结构中的谓语动词并非只有be，在很多时候，尤其在文学作品中，其谓语动词也可以是其他实义动词。表示存在或位置的动词。这类动词常见的有exist，live，stand，lie，remain等。There exist many ancient temples on the shore of the Mediterranean.地中海沿岸有许多古庙。There stands in the Tian'anmen Square the Monument to the People's Heroes.天安门广场上矗立着人民英雄纪念碑。表示运动或方向的动词。这类动词常见的有co
19、me，go，walk，run，flow，arrive，follow，pass等。Suddenly there came a knock on the door.突然传来敲门声。There flows a stream in front of the village.村前流淌着一条小溪。描绘某事发生或发展的动词。这类动词常见的有occur，develop，arise，appear等。There have occurred great changes in my hometown since 1978.1978年以来，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。There flowed an unpleasant
20、silence.接着是一阵令人不快的沉默。D含有情态动词的there be结构there be结构中的谓语动词可以和情态动词连用。There cannot be anyone in the office at this moment.此时办公室里不可能有人。There used to be a theatre here.过去这里曾有一家戏院。Ethere be结构的被动形式只有少数动词的被动形式可用在there be结构之中，用来表示人们说或认为某事存在。这些动词常见的有expect，say，believe，think，intend，mean等。There is said to have be
21、en shots fired from both sides.据说双方都开了火。There is expected to be an exciting lecture next week.下周预计有一次精彩的讲座。巧辨一点通There be结构有时和have结构可以互换使用，但有时两者有一定的区别，前者强调“某处有”，着重“存在”的状态；后者则强调“某人有”，着重“占有”。There is going to be a strong wind this afternoon.今天下午有大风。(主语为物多用there be结构)A dog has a good nose.狗有灵敏的鼻子。(表示某人所
22、属，多用have)There is a computer in every office.每个办公室都有一台电脑。(强调客观存在)Every office has a computer.每个办公室都有一台电脑。(着重人为配备)2there be结构的用法A表示人或物存在There aren't so many people interested in protecting wild animals.关心保护野生动物的人不是很多。There is a pain in my back.我的背疼。B表示发生某事There is going to be a storm tonight.今晚将有
23、一场暴风雨。Suddenly there entered a student asking for help.突然走进来一个学生，寻求帮助。即时演练单句语法填空_ no need for us to discuss the problem again since it has already been settled.答案There表达“没有必要做某事”常用There is no need to do.句型来表示。There。3there be结构的非谓语形式在书面语中，常出现there be结构的非谓语形式。there be结构的非谓语形式只有两种：there to be和there bei
24、ng。Athere to bethere to be结构可以在句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。It is a pity for there to be any disagreement in the class.班级不和，实在遗憾。(作主语)We don't want there to be any classmate falling behind.我们不希望有任何同学掉队。(作动词宾语)The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.老师等着完全安静下来。(作介词宾语)Bthere beingthere being结构可
25、以在句中充当主语、宾语、状语等句子成分。There being no index to this book is a disadvantage.这本书没有索引是个缺陷。(作主语)There being a supermarket so near，the house is a great advantage.超市离家那么近是一个很有利的条件。(作状语)He was disappointed at there being so little to do.能做的事那么少，他很失望。(作介词宾语)特别提醒there to be结构作主语时，前面要带for。For there to be a mista
26、ke in a computer's arithmetic is impossible.用计算机进行运算而出错是不可能的。It was surprising for there not to be any objections.没有任何反对意见，大大令人吃惊。英语中有很多there is no.结构，这些结构不表示“存在”的意义，而是用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。There is no use(in) doing it.干此事毫无用处。There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。There is no saying what ma
27、y happen.很难说会发生什么事。There is no knowing when we shall meet again.不知何时我们能再相见。There is no holding back the wheel of history.历史的车轮不能倒转。There is no doubt that he is guilty.毫无疑问，他是有罪的。.分析并划出下列句子中的句子成分1He is listening.主语谓语2He loves his parents.主谓宾3She is excited.主系表4He offered me a job.主谓双宾5I saw him go ou
28、t.主语宾、宾补.单句语法填空1Great changes have taken(take)place in my hometown in the past 10 years.2Her job is to look/looking(look) after the children in the nursery.3He taught us(we)English last year.4Tom told his parents what had happened in the senior high school.5I heard a girl singing (sing) an English s
29、ong in the next room just now.6Our school made it a rule that students should stand up when classes begin.7He always has a way of making his class interesting(interest)8You can find there's always something exciting(excite) to do in the open air.9Studying(study)the problem makes him clever.10There is(be)a book and two pens on the desk.