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1、专题五××阅读理解命题趋势在2020年山东省新高考中，英语阅读题的总分由40分提升至50分，得阅读者得天下的法则，在新高考中被再次证实。高考阅读理解的命题有一定的规律可循，主要呈现如下趋势：1.阅读理解题材广泛，追溯近年来高考阅读理解试题来源，可以发现文本素材全部来源于国外网站和刊物，通常选材时间跨度近10年内的网站内容作为素材。选材围绕三大主题语境，包括人与自然、社会和自我。充满鲜明的时代特征，具有一定的知识性、创新性和教育性。2.体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文。通常以说明文为主，总词数有增大的趋势。选材和试题设置难度适中，但阅读广泛对词汇量有所提升。在平时的复习
2、中，应该学会利用派生法、转义法等方法拓展词汇，多熟悉新课标词汇变化。3.常考试题类型有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义推断题、主旨大意题等。主要以细节理解和推理判断为主，考查学生的语篇理解能力、提取和处理信息能力、推断能力、分析能力，以及跨文化交际意识和恰当运用阅读策略的能力。考点清单一、细节理解类（一）明考查方式和考查角度.把握细节理解题的常见设问方式：(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。(2)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。(3)就文中数字、排序等提问。.明晰细节理解题的考查角度：(
3、1)高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。(二) 细节理解题正确选项特征同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项。(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目
4、要求的内容。无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容。曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半部分正确，部分错误。二、推理判断类（一）明确考查特点.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式(1)We can infer from the (first ./last) passage that _(2)The passage/author implies/suggests that _(3)It can be concluded from the passage that _(4)The main purpose of the passage i
5、s _(5)Where does this passage probably come from?(6)What's the author's attitude towards ?(7)The writer developed the passage/his main idea by _(8)The first ./last paragraph serves as a(n) _.掌握推理判断题的考查角度(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、读者对象。(二)推理判断题正确选项特征推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出
6、的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：1“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。2选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, probably等。(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征1曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是
7、对原文意思的曲解。2张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。3偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。4无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。5鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。6扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，
8、命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。三、词义猜测类（一）明确考查特点.把握词句猜测题常见的命题方式(1)The phrase “.” in the sentence could be replaced by _(2)The word “.” in the paragraph refers to _(3)What is the meaning o
9、f the underlined word in the . paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean?(4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “.”？(5)The word “.” most nearly means _(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度(1)猜测生词或熟词生义；(2)猜测短语的意义；(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如
10、it, one, they, this, that, these, those等)；(4)猜测句意。（二）明确方法技巧（1）根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测（2）根据同位关系进行猜测（3）根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生、合成等)进行猜测（4）根据因果关系进行猜测（5）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测（6）根据同义或近义关系进行猜测（7）根据转折或对比关系进行猜测（8）意义吻合定句意四、主旨大意类题型（一）明确考查特点.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式What is the main idea of the text?What does the text mainly tell us?What would b
11、e the best title for the text?The main idea of the first/second/third paragraph is _.Paragraph 1/2/3 mainly deals with _.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。（二）明确方法技巧1.阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。2.寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和
12、议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的
13、思想的。七、理清文章结构文章的逻辑结构是文章重要的内在特征，了解篇章段落的逻辑结构对提高阅读理解的准度和速度有着不可估量的作用。因此，在平时的阅读理解训练中要强化领悟段落、篇章结构及行文逻辑内在规律，长此以往，内化于心，潜移默化形成读文的内在“情思”，这个“情思”就是指与文章情感思路一致的、默契的思维流动。具备了这种“情思”，快读、精读文章就达到了一种至高境界。(一)记叙文中的“具体事例型段落”抓住此事例围绕的观点这种类型的段落整段都在讲具体事例。往往这个事例本身并不重要，而作者是为了证明自己的某个观点才讲了这样一个事例。因此，考生要站在宏观的角度把握这个事例证明了什么观点，或者说明了哪一方面
14、。它的特点就是会有特别具体的描述词，比如某个人名，多次被提到，而且用到的动词也都是一些表示具体动作的动词，而不是观点动词。(二)说明文中的“对比型段落”分清层次最重要这种段落最常见的就是按时间分类说明或按某一特性分类说明。针对这种段落，要特别留意段落中的过渡词，比如，above all, in addition, finally等等。(三)议论文中的“总分型段落”或“分总型段落”一定要找到并读懂主旨句“总分型段落”排列在一开始就给出了作者的观点或者要说明的主要内容。后面的大部分都在论证这个观点或者进行细节上的说明。针对这种类型的语篇，考生应该做到细读主旨段落，略读细节段落，以读懂主旨为要务。考
15、生会发现文后的题目大都围绕主旨而命题，而偏离主旨的大都是干扰项，而不是正确答案。“分总型段落”排列在开始和中间都是一些细节型的内容，有时是平行的细节，有时是层层递进，但一直到语篇的最后一段才点出最重要的观点或结论。显然读这种语篇的落脚点应该在结尾处。跟总分型的语篇相比，分总型的语篇有时更耗时间去发现主旨，因此考生们平时做题的时候要多去体会，争取在最短的时间找到主旨。 精题集训（60分钟）经典训练题（一）POETRY CHALLENGEWrite a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face
16、challenges in your life.Prizes3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winners choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic
17、 World.6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earharts final flight.RulesFollow all rules
18、carefully to prevent disqualification. Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines. Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper. On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone
19、number, and birth date. Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Six.2. What will each of the honorable mention winners get?A. A plane ticket.B. A book by Corinne Szabo.C. A special T-shirt.D. A phot
20、o of Amelia Earhart.3. Which of the following will result in disqualification?A. Typing your poem out.B. Writing a poem of 120 words.C. Using both sides of the paper.D. Mailing your entry on October 30.（二）With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more famili
21、es are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristolone
22、 of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says K
23、athryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think its a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”Its hard to tell exactly how many people agree
24、with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people l
25、ive with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 mil
26、lion.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husbands family when they get married.4. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in
27、 Bristol?A. Nick.B. Rita.C. KathrynD. The daughters.5. What is Nicks attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law?A. Positive.B. Carefree.C. Tolerant.D. Unwilling.6. What is the authors statement about multigenerational family based on?A. Family traditions.B. Financial reports.C. Publi
28、shed statistics.D. Public opinions.7. What is the text mainly about?A. Lifestyles in different countries.B. Conflicts between generations.C. A housing problem in Britain.D. A rising trend of living in the UK.高频易错题 （三）In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to red
29、uce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lif
30、estyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods?After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to
31、explain.A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions(排放) of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint
32、is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use those related to their production and breakdown.Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “se
33、condary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances(设备) that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon foot
34、print after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you.8. What is
35、 the text mainly about?A. What appliances to buy to save energy.B. What a carbon footprint means in our life.C. How to identify different carbon footprints.D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.9. What do we know about the secondary carbon footprint?A. It is related to our consumption of fue
36、ls.B. It is made when we are buying the products.C. It is less harmful than the primary carbon footprint.D. It is counted as ours though not directly made by us.10. Which of the following helps reduce our carbon footprint according to the author?A. Using second-hand textbooks.B. Using old and expens
37、ive cars.C. Buying new but cheap clothes.D. Buying new wooden furniture.11. "The footprint" underlined in the last sentence refers to the CO2 produced in_.A. using the product B. recycling the product C. making the product D. transporting the product（四）When you were trying to figure out wh
38、at to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（时装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸鼠）.Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clo
39、thes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree MeCree, project director of Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $ 5 a tail. Some of t
40、he fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species（物种）. It's destroying the environment. It's them or us,” says Michael Ma
41、ssimi, an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people t
42、hat nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300, 000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that t
43、hey can wear without someone throwing paint on them I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come
44、up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.12. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A. To promote guilt-free fur.B. To expand the fashion market.C. To introduce a new brand.D. To celebrate a winter holiday.13. Why are scientists concerned
45、about nutria?A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.B. Nutria are an endangered species.C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.14. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Boomed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.15. What
46、 can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?A. It's formal.B. It's risky.C. It's harmful.D. It's traditional.（五）Book RecommendationSecond HarvestAuthor: Don AgeyLike the first installment, Eclectic Harvest, this book includes rhymed poems which employ different po
47、etic techniques. If you are interested in it, buy it at a discount.Of Human Nature and Good HabitsAuthor: Prabhash KaranResearch claims that maintaining only 5 good habitseating healthily, exercising, drinking properly, not smoking and maintaining a healthy body weightcan not only keep the life in g
48、olden years healthy but also extend the lifetime of the old men and women by 12 years and 14 years respectively. The book illustrates some aspects of lifestyles. As you can see, this book is especially suitable for people after retirement.The Dueling Wizards of SimpletownAuthor: Whitney Lee PrestonThe Du