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1、M7M8语法（重点难点用红色标明）常用介词辨析：表示空间关系的介词on/over/aboveon the table（接触）over the river（正上方不接触）above the horizon(不一定正上方且不接触)above sea level （可指温度或刻度）in/inside/amongin/inside the rooma house among the trees* Of those students, two are adopted.(数量概念“。中”)beside/near toHe sits beside the fire.Sit nearer (to) the f
2、ire!under/belowThe book you are looking for is right under your nose.(正下方,与over相反)I live below the mountain.(不一定正下方，与above相反)below sea level （可指温度或刻度）away from/offI fell off the ladder.Theres a bathroom off the main room.Keep off/away from the grass!He lives 1000 meters away from school.in front of/
3、in the front ofIn front of my home runs a small river.Dont sit in the front of the car.over/opposite/across/through/pastwalk over the street/climb over the mountainwalk across/over the street (穿过某一平面)Theres a bank across the street.（在。的对面）walk through the gate/the crowdwalk past a shopopposite the s
4、hop表示时间的介词in/afterWell meet again in two weeks.We started out for the USA on July the first and after 20 houses, we arrived at LA Airport.After graduation, Ill find a job to make money.（可以跟时间点）Since/ForIve been learning English for 20 years.Its 20 years since I started learning English.By/Before/unt
5、ilIll be back before 6:0 p.m.Supper will be ready by 6:0 p.m.They have finished 10 projects by the end of the term.Ill work here until 6:0 p.m.The work wont be finished by/until tomorrow.（终止性动词的否定式里by/until都可以用）in/within/between/duringMany traffic accidents happened within/during the past week.（在某段时
6、间范围内）I cant tell you at the moment, but Ill let you know in a few days.（在若干时间后）I can type more than 100 Chinese characters in one minute.(在若干时间里做成了某事)Im busy between 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.Please remain seated during the performance.（at some point in a period of time）during my stay其他but/except/excep
7、t for/besides/Children would prefer to do everything, except what their parents ask them to.(表示排除)The bus is empty except for two passengers.（要不是因为）But for your advice, I would have failed.（虚拟，要不是因为）Besides reading, I love listening to music. （包括。在内还）Nobody but/except John knows the city well. (只有)表
8、示数量关系变化的介词The number of cars that were recalled has risen to 8,000,000.The price of new apartments this year has risen by $100. (相差)其他常见短语性动词1. It is certain that he will hand over his business to his son when he gets old.2. She always helps her mother even though going to school takes up most of he
9、r day.3. Once a decision has been made, all of us should stick to it .4. We have to get in the wheat as soon as possible because a storm is on the way.5. I was just talking to Mary when Tom cut in.6. This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can pick out my father.7. He gave away most
10、of his money to charity.8. She took me in completely with her story.9. You should break away from such habits.10. We must catch up with them.11.Lets face up to the situation.12. Do these plans fit in with your arrangements?13. Lets get down to our business.14. I cant put up with him any longer.15. T
11、he special train pulled in at 9 a. m.16. Prices of vegetables have gone up recently.有关否定全部否定1. We discussed it all morning but got nowhere.(没有进展)2. Never ever tell anyone your password. 永远不要部分否定3. All that glitters is not gold。不是所有否定转移4. It doesnt sound as if the poor girl knows what has happened to
12、 her in the accident. 听起来if句式5. I wonder whether/if I shouldnt/should bring in umbrella.6. I wouldnt be surprised, if they moved/didnt move soon.双重否定7. Its not unlikely that he will stay at home on Sunday.8. You cant make something out of nothing.形式肯定，意义否定9. The beauty is more than words can describ
13、e.(无法用语言表达)10. This is more than I can tell.（无法区分）11. He is more brave than wise.只是勇敢并不明智12. Ill do anything but that. 绝不做。13. The hotel is anything but safe. (definitely not) 绝不安全14. He is the last man for me to invite to visit my school. （绝不找某人）15. The classics are far from disappearing. （远非，一点都不会
14、）16. This kind of fast food is said to be free from/of artificial colors and flavorings.（没有without sth harmful）17. She is too cold-blooded to be a Goodwill Ambassador. (太。而 不)几乎否定 （hardly, barely, rarely, scarcely, little, seldom, few）18. He has few, if any, misspellings.19. He rarely, if ever, trav
15、els to the country.20. Rich as the boss is, he hardly knows how to write his own name.21. She seldom has a kind word to say.形式否定，意义肯定22. A student cant be too diligent.（在。也不为过）23. Pip cant wait to start his new life.（迫不及待）24. As often as not/More often than not, hes late for work.（像往常一样）25. Nothing
16、but a miracle can save her now. (only)26. He couldnt feel better. （感觉最好）27. Nothing is more valuable than health. (最重要)28. no + 形容词比较级+ than: as 形容词的反义词as29. He is not a little angry.(very)30. He is not a bit angry.(not at all) 31. No doubt a lot of Chinese will never / no longer see her films or bu
17、y products represented by her.倒装32. Never have I seen （see）the couple quarrelling since I lived there.33. Not only did he read (read) the book, but also he remembered what he had read.34. Not until he reached (reach) school did he realize (realize) that he was late.35. Seldom does his sister have (h
18、ave) a kind word to say.36. No sooner had the thief seen (see) the policeman than he ran away.37. Hardly had the thief seen (see) the policeman when he ran away.38. Under/In no circumstances should you lend (should lend) Paul any money.39. On no account should the house be left unlocked. 绝不40. By no
19、 means is she an inexperienced teacher.关于省略(红色是重点/黄色光标常省略)1. 冠词l Mike was elected as President finally.l Child as he is, he knows how to weigh up the pros and cons.l They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.2. 介词l Any, each, every, next, last, some, all, this, that, one等开头的表示时间的名词短语中。（next week）l To
20、day, tomorrow, yesterday, yesterday afternoon/evening/morning, Saturday等前面.(Sunday evening)l 在表示一段时间的名词短语中for一般可以省略。（The fires lasted many hours.）在否定句或句首不可省：I havent heard from him for a long time.For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm.l Of在与age, size, colour, height, shape等名词连用时， 常省略The
21、y have a daughter (of) my age.The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.At (the) age (of) 14, I becamel I have no idea (of) how grateful I am for l I live near (to) Taihu Lake.l Will you sit opposite (to) me and have a friendly talk?l Follow me (in) this way, pleasel Lets cook (in) the American
22、style.l Shall we meet (at) about 9 oclock tomorrow morning?l Have difficulty/trouble (in) doingl Spend/waste(in) doingl Its no use/good (in) doingl Stop/prevent(from) doingl End up(by) doingl Whats the good (of) doing l Take turns (at) doingl Be busy (in) doingl Have a good/pleasant /hard time (in)
23、doing3. 连词l She is not only/merely kind, but she is (also) honest.l Whether hell attend the meeting (or not) is not known.l He spoke in a loud voice so (that) we heard him clearly.l Now (that) you are all ready, lets get started.4. 句子成分主语：(You）Come in and sit down, please.(It) Looks like rain.In and
24、 around the city (there) are lots of roses.谓语或谓语部分:Only one of us was injured, and he (was) just slightly.Well do the best we can (do).- Was it completed?- Yes, it was (completed).表语：This problem is the most difficult (problem) to solve.某些动词的宾语：I paid (Peter) the money.I paid Peter (the money).She w
25、ashed (the shirt), ironed ( the shirt), and folded the shirt.5. 主语+beThough (he was) tired, he didnt stop at all.When (he was) rescued, he was almost dead.6. 从句You would do the same (if you were in my position.)You have done better this time (than you did before. )- Where is my cat?- How should I kn
26、ow? ( where your cat is.)7. 整句- Are you all right?- Yes. (Im all right.)- Are you coming?- No. (Im not coming.)8. 习惯l Possible/necessary 与if, when, where, whenever, wherever连用 （if（it is） possible）l Asas possible l If only 后常加一个虚拟句， 表示“要是。就好了”If only you had come to the get-together.l What if/though
27、句式表示“要是/即使。怎么办/怎么样”What if it rains?What though you fail?l What/How about 用来提出建议或征求对方意见I cant make it Friday. How about Saturday?l Why/Why not (提供建议)Its so cold here. Why stand here so long? Why not come in? 关于倒装不倒装：主谓倒装：谓语在主语前 倒装的形式：全部倒装；部分倒装全部倒装：整个谓语在主语前 ( up flew the ball)1） There are many kids p
28、laying basketball on the court.2） 表示方向，地点，和时间的词 here , there, in, out, down, up, off, back, away, over there, now, then, first等放于句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时，则倒装。Here comes the bus! Here you are!Then began the long ten-li march into Beijing.Now comes your turn.3） 表示地点，时间的介词短语放在句首，主语较长又无宾语时，一般要倒装。Through the wind
29、ow came in the sweet music.After the head walked a group of workers.4） Such are the results.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple but great scientist.5) 主语太长Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.部分倒装：谓语的部分（助动词，情态动词，系动词be）放于主语前(Never had the ball
30、flown that high./did主+动词原形.)1) 否定词或带有否定意义的表达置于句首时。Not, little, few, hardly, never, rarely, seldom, nowhere, no soonerthan., hardlywhen, not onlybut also, not onlybutas well, neithernor, at no time, by no means, under no condition/circumstances, in no case, on no account, no longer/moreNo longer is i
31、t necessary toNever have I found him in such a good mood.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Not until we saw many dead fish in the river did we realize how serious the pollution is.We didnt realize.until we sawNo soonerthanBy no means willNever have I Hardly had I picked up t
32、he phone when he hung up.Nowhere else will you find her.She is nowhere to be found.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.He didnt mentionat all.2) Only修饰状语放在句首时。（Only you helped me. Only修饰主语不用倒装）Only yesterday, did I find out thatOnly by doingcan weOnly whenwill I 3) Sothat中的so修饰形容
33、词或副词出现于句首时，一般倒装。So much does he worry about the position thatSo small was the mark that I could hardly see it.(The mark was so small that)(当被强调成分是表语时全倒)4) 也是/也不是(do/be/情态动词)He has made up his mind to be devoted to study, and so have I.If you dont ,; so will I We dont have time to do it; no/neither d
34、o we plan to.He is a music lover and sings quite well; so it is with Mike.区别-You like music.- So I do. (确实)不倒装5) 虚拟条件句中，省略if, 且含有were, had, should, could 等Should I be asked, I might tell him all that I know.Had I known the danger, I would have warned you.Were I in your place/Were I you, I would neve
35、r agree.Had it not been for,6) How 与what引导的感叹句，若主语较长时，引起倒装。How beautiful are hills with clouds against them?How cold it is here!（不倒装）其他：1. 以as, （that, though）引导的让步状语从句中， Child as he is, he can stand on his own feet.Although he is a child,heYoung as he is, he Try as I might, I could not bring him rou
36、nd.(No matter how much I might try,)(回心转意，使苏醒)Come what may, (No matter what may happen, Ill stick to my plan of review.)2. May all of you succeed in the coming examinations!3. 省略whether 的让步状语从句中Whether I succeed or fail, it wont matter to me.无论。=Succeed or fail, Whether your are familiar with him o
37、r not, you should go to him for more advice.=Be you familiar with him or not, youWhether I am a teacher or worker, I should put my hart into my work.=Be I worker or teacher, I should4. 动词-ed或-ing形式置于句首，主语是名词时Hanging on the wall are a group of pictures by Van Gogh.Pasted on the seat was a note, which
38、 said “Occupied.”Tips:1. 句首为：整句之首或从句之首2. 注意句子中其他动词的时态。句子成分特殊位置1. 宾语后置I shall explain to you the details of the whole plan discussed yesterday afternoon.I would like to share with you the ideas about racial discrimination.Ill take with me whatever might be needed in this trip.2. 定语后置3. 宾语前置(为了衔接上文，强调宾语)The factory has asked me to resign. That I will never do.造句：以as引导的让步状语从句也是/也不是so it is withSothat中的so出现于句首Only修饰状语放在句首时at no time, by no means, under no condition, in no caseNot, little, few, hardly, never, rarely, seldom, nowhere, no soonerthan., hardlywhen, not onlybut also, not onlybutas well