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1、绝密启用前2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹
2、工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Being a good parent is, of course, what e
3、very parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1 , particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 , a younger sibling. 3 , the
4、res another sort of parent thats a bit easier to 4 : a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, 5 every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy 6 . Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a_ and composed style with their
5、kids. I understand this. Youre only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 you just a little too far. And then the 9 happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good. You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over, Weve
6、 all been there. 12 , even though its common, its important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue. you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your childs self-esteem. If you consistent
7、ly lose your 15 with your kids. then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability
8、 to emotionally regulate or mamtam emot10nal control when 17 by stress 1s one of the most important of all lifes skills. Certainly, its incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as
9、you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal. you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally. 英语（二）试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1. A tediousB pleasantC instructiveD trick
10、y2. A in additionB for exampleC at onceD by accident3. A Fortunately B OccasionallyC AccordinglyD Eventually4. A amuseB assistC describeD train5. A whileB becauseC unlessD once6. A answerB taskC choiceD access7. A tolerantB formalC rigidD critical8. A moveB dragC pushD send9. A mysteriousB illogical
11、C suspiciousD inevitable10. A boringB naiveC harshD vague11. A tum backB take apartC set asideD cover up12. A OverallB InsteadC HoweverD Otherwise13. A likeB missC believeD regret14. A raiseB affectC justifyD reflect15. A timeB bondC raceD cool16. A natureB secret C importanceD context17. A cheatedB
12、 defeated C confusedD confronted18. A terribleB hardC strangeD wrong19. A tryingB changingC excitingD surprising20. A hideB emergeC withdrawD escapeSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directios: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark yo
13、ur answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) 英语（二）试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text 1 Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University o
14、f California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic ratone social and one asocialfor four days.The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with
15、wheels-to move around and colorful markings. During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side. Next, the research
16、ers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 per cent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine
17、social being, says Quinn. The rats may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviors like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says . Rats
18、have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them, says Quinn. The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal d
19、esign.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. Wed assumed wed have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasnt necessary, says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland
20、 in Australia, who helped with the research. The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. says Wiles. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. We humans seem to be fasc
21、inated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too, says Wiles. 英语（二）试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can. A pick up social signals from non-living ratsB distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile oneC attain sociable traits through special trainingD
22、 send out warning messages to their fellows22. What did the asocial robot do during the眈periment?A It followed the social robot.B It played with some toys.C It set the trapped rats free.D It moved around alone.23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because theyAtried to practice
23、a means of escape.Bexpected it to do the same in return.Cwanted to display their intelligence.Dconsidered that an血eresting game.24. James Wiles notes that ratsAcan remember other ratsfacial features.Bdifferentiate smells better than sizes.Crespond more to actions than to looks.Dcan be scared by a pl
24、astic box on wheels.25. It can be learned from the text that ratsA appear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB are more socially active than other animalsC behave differently from children in socializingD are more sensitive to social cues than expected英语（二）试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）Text2 It is true that CEO
25、pay has gone uptop ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year. The
26、 best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America s highest-earning 1 % have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. Its not popular to say. but
27、one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy. Today s CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to run the company. CEOs must have a good sense of financial market
28、s and maybe even how the company should trade in them . They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then theres the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spre
29、ad across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, one way or another. Beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done. The co
30、mmon idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesnt explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. T
31、hat suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs. Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest o
32、f the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO. 英语（二）试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A The growth in the number of corporatio
33、ns.B The general pay rise with a better economy.C Increased business opportunities for top firms.D Close cooperation among leading economies.27. Compared with their predecessors, todays CEOs are required to. A foster a stronger sense of teamworkB finance more research and developmentC establish clos
34、er ties with tech companiesD operate more globalized companies28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite. A continual internal oppositionB strict corporate governanceC conservative business strategiesD repeated government warnings29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps.
35、A confirm the status of CEOsB motive inside candidatesC boost the efficiency of CEOsD increase corporate value30. The most suitable title for this text would beA CEOs Are Not OverpaidB CEO Pay: Past and PresentC CEOsChallenges of TodayD CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define英语（二）试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text3 Madri
36、d was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise. Mayor Jose Luis Ma
37、rtinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the citys decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zones future looks uncertain at best. Among
38、 other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. Thats because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual driverswho must pay fees or buy better vehiclesrather than on to the c
39、ar manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution. Its not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next years mayoral election. And if Sadiq khan wins and extends it to the North and South Ci
40、rcular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected. Its not that measures such as Londons Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents he
41、alth in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefitsfewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths. But mayors and councilors can only do so mu
42、ch about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governmentsBritains and others across Europehave failed to do so. Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areascity centres, school streets, even individual roadsare a response to th
43、e absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. Were doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars. 英语（二）试题 . 7 . (共 14
44、页）31. Which of the following is true about Madrids clean air zone?A Its effects are questionable.B It has been opposed by a judge.C It needs tougher enforcement.D Its fate is yet to be decided.32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?A They are biased against
45、 car manufacturers.B They prove impractical for city councils.C They are deemed too mild for politicians.D They put too much burden on individual motorists.33. The author believes that the extension of Londons Ulez willA arouse strong resistanceB ensure Khans electoral successC improve the citys tra
46、fficD discourage car manufacturing34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?A Local residentsB Mayors.C Councilors.D National governments.35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies. A will raise low-emission car productionB should be forced to follow reg
47、ulationsC will upgrade the design of their vehiclesD should be put under public supervision英语（二）试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text4 Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this springthe most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a yearthe attention h
48、as been rising steadily in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market thats tighter than its been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted b
49、y the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them. If entitled is the most con皿on adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those born between 1981 and 199
50、5), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They