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1、绝密启用前2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹
2、工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comm
3、ents and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the an
4、swer will 3 In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the res
5、earcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know wh
6、ich ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects. The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in human
7、s, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct - it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance - but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things i
8、s a profound one. U呻ealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones
9、 curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity, Hsee says. In other words, dont read online comments. 英语（二）试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1. A. protect2. A. refuse3. A. hurt4. A. alert5. A. message6
10、. A. remove7. A. When8. A. continue9. A. rather than10. A. discover11. A. pay12. A. lead to13. A. withdrawal14. A. self-reliant15. A. define16. A. overlook17. A. remember18. A. relief19. A. why20. A. consequencesPart A Directions: B. resolveC. discussD. ignoreB. waitC. regretD. seekB. lastC. mislead
11、D. riseB. tieC. treatD. exposeB. reviewC. trialD. conceptB. weakenC. interruptD. deliverB. IfC. ThoughD. UnlessB. happenC. disappearD. changeB. regardless ofC. such asD. owing toB. forgiveC. forgetD. disagreeB. marriageC. schoolingD. foodB. rest onC. learn fromD. begin withB. persistenceC. inquiryD.
12、 diligenceB. self-destructive C. self-evidentD. self-deceptiveB. resistC. replaceD. traceB. predictC. designD. concealB. promiseC. chooseD. pretendB. planC. dutyD. outcomeB. whetherC. whereD. howB. investmentsC. strategiesD. limitationsSection II Reading Comprehension Read the following four texts.
13、Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) 英语（二）试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text 1 It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future. Mr. Koziatek is part of someth
14、ing pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by
15、a broken bike chain? As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle. But hes also found a kin
16、d of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education have that stereotypethat its for kids who cant make it academically, he says. On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution. Manufacturing
17、 is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so. But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for alland the subtle deval
18、uing of anything lessmisses an important point: Thats not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelors degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers
19、are adequately trained. In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who nee
20、d those jobs most arent equipped to do them. Koziateks Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap. Koziateks school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nations diversity of gifts. 英语（二）试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21. A broken bike chai
21、n is mentioned to show studentslack ofA.practical abilityB.academic training C.pioneering spiritD.mechamcal memonzat10n22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who. A.have a stereotyped mindB.h ave no career mot1vat10nC.are not academically successfulD.are financially dis
22、advantaged23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates. A.used to have big financial concernsB.used to have more job opportunitiesC.are reluctant to work in manufacturing D.are entitled to more educational privileges24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all. A.helps create
23、 a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.is expected to yield a better-trained workforceD.indicates the overvaluing of higher education25. The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described asA.supportiveB.tolerantC.disappointedD.cautious英语（二）试题 . 4 . (共 14 页
24、）Text2 While fossil fuels coal, oil, gas still generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply, its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of ne
25、w power sources going on line. Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the c
26、ost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years. In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably C
27、hina and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration. President Trump has underlined fossil fuelsespecially coala
28、s the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generation and where tech giants like Microsoft
29、 are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers. The question what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesnt shine? has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowin
30、g around the clock more likely. The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years. While theres a long
31、 way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding upperhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington doesor doesnt doto promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global
32、 shift in thought. 英语（二）试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26. The word plummeting (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to. A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.nsmg27. According to Paragraph 3, the use ofrenewable energy in America. A.is progressing notably B.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has
33、proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa,. A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply 29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragrap
34、hs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is con皿onlyused in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy. A.will bring the US closer to ot
35、her countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its cost英语（二）试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text3 The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishingAmazon has just announced the purchase of
36、the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $ 13.Sbn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesnt have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its usersfriendships and socia
37、l lives. Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing an
38、d still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have
39、 purchased what. Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,
40、 to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them. The users of their services are not their custome
41、rs. That would be the people who buy advertising from them - and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies. The product theyre selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the bene
42、fit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesnt f
43、eel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit. 英语（二）试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its. A.digital productsB.user informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may . A worsen polit
44、ical disputes B.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law. A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changin
45、g market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook usersbecause .A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate. A.a win-win b
46、usiness model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giantscustomersD.the relationship between digital giants and their users英语（二）试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author o
47、f Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of deep work - the ability to focus without distraction. There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work - be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or t
48、aking a journalistic approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it. Newport also recommends deep scheduling to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. At any given
49、point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctors appointment or important meeting, he writes. Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your day - in particular how we craft
50、 our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more deta