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1、2020年英语一真题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share
2、 this weekend of one of that nations great traditions:the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this 3 should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA
3、) has 5 a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin- crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advic
4、e? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FS
5、A advice. 14 , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15 .Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 , the FSA s
6、ays it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 ,but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. A InB Towards C On DTill2. A matchB express C satisfy D influence 3. A patienc
7、eB enjoyment C surprise D concern4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed5. A issued B receivedC compelled D guaranteed6. A under B at C for D by7. A forgetB regretC finish D avoid8. A partially B regular C easily D initially9. A UnlessB SinceC If
8、 D While 10.A secondaryB external C conclusive D negative11.A insufficient B boundC likely D slow12.A On the basis ofB At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13.A interestingB advisable C urgent D fortunate14.A As usualB In particular C By definition
9、D After all15.A resemblanceB combinationC connection D pattern16.A madeB servedC saved D used17.A To be fairB For instance C To be brief D In general18.A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19.A promiseB experience Ccampaign D competition20.A follow upB pick up Copen up D end upSecti
10、onReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “
11、town of culture” award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and
12、 an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britains towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting fundin
13、g and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on th
14、e verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.
15、 A badly run “year of culture” washes in and washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts
16、 events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the pri
17、vate sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A “town of culture
18、” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a towns peculiaritieshelping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action.21. Cooper
19、and her colleagues argue that a “town of culture” award couldA consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.B promote cooperation-among Britains towns.C increase the economic strength of Britains towns.D focus Britains limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal migh
20、t be regarded by some asA a sensible compromise.B a self-deceiving attempt.C an eye-catching bonus.D an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if itA endeavours to maintain its image.B meets the aspiration of its people.C brings its local arts to prominenc
21、e.D commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to presentA a contrasting case.B a supporting example.C a background story. D a related topic.25. What is the authors attitude towards the proposal?A Skeptical.B Objective.C Favourable.D Critical.Text 2Scientific publishing
22、has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and
23、the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operation
24、s at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to ena
25、ble researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, an thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in
26、 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works
27、 for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or
28、 paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fee
29、s to cover the costs of prep ring an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000, and apparently the work gets more expensive the more that publishers do it. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising
30、 at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26
31、. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly becauseA its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.B its marketing strategy has been successful.C its payment for peer review is reduced.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publis
32、hers Elsevier haveA thrived mainly on university libraries.B gone through an existential crisis.C revived the publishing industry.D financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? A Relieved.B Puzzled.C Concerned.D Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Para
33、graphs 5 and 6 that open access termsA allow publishers some room to make money.B render publishing much easier for scientists.C reduce the cost of publication substantially.D free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?A Trial su
34、bscription is offered.B Labour triumphs over status.C Costs are well controlled.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that be
35、nefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that
36、more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats f
37、or women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of s
38、ex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the l
39、aw violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily i
40、ncreasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experience
41、d private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led
42、to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to hel
43、p average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad willA help little to reduce gender bias.B pose a threat to the state government.C raise womens position in politics.D greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?A It h
44、as irritated private business owners.B It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.C It may go against the Constitution.D It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrateA the harm from arbitrary board decision.B the importance of constitutional guarantees.C
45、 the pressure on women in global corporations.D the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led toA the underestimation of elite womens role.B the objection to female participation on boards.C the entry of unqualified candidates into t
46、he board.D the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A Womens need in employment should be considered.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.C Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.D Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everythin