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1、27.10.2012AVL 415 滤纸式烟度计内部综合培训周渊/AVL中国2Originator,location of data storage,date of creation颗粒（及烟度）组成和测量设备颗粒（及烟度）组成和测量设备碳氢（机油）碳氢（机油）碳碳“C“碳氢碳氢(燃油）金属和其他硫水稀释颗粒由燃油）金属和其他硫水稀释颗粒由SPC472 或者或者CEC 全流稀释通道测量全流稀释通道测量黑碳黑碳“C “通过通过415s滤纸烟度计测量滤纸烟度计测量439 不透光烟度计用于测量的烟度包括：不透光烟度计用于测量的烟度包括：-黑烟黑烟=碳碳”c”-蓝烟蓝烟=可见的“碳氢蒸汽”可见的“碳氢
2、蒸汽”-白烟白烟=可见的“水蒸气”（取决于温度和浓度）可见的“水蒸气”（取决于温度和浓度）3Originator,location of data storage,date of creationComposition of Diesel Particulates4Originator,location of data storage,date of creation在发动机试验台架上柴油排放测量系统的应用范围在发动机试验台架上柴油排放测量系统的应用范围测量仪器测量仪器滤纸式烟度计415/415S部分流系统SPC 472不透光度计439滤纸式烟度计415/415S部分流系统SPC 472不透光
3、度计439检测的成分检测的成分全部柴油颗粒（滤纸称重-稀释后）烟密度全部柴油颗粒（滤纸称重-稀释后）烟密度应用应用ECE R 49,ESC,ETCEEC 91542,ISO 161838法规的认证试验,研发ECE R 24 HD EURO III,ELR法规的认证试验研发,生产ECE R 49,ESC,ETCEEC 91542,ISO 161838法规的认证试验,研发ECE R 24 HD EURO III,ELR法规的认证试验研发,生产累积测量累积测量实时在线累积测量累积测量实时在线测量方法测量方法研发,生产,特殊法规试验C,黑烟研发,生产,特殊法规试验C,黑烟全流系统AVL CEC Ser
4、iesCFV CVS气体排放全部柴油颗粒（滤纸称重-稀释后）研发,ECE R 49,ESC,ETCEEC 91542,ISO 16183,ECE R 86,EEC 70720,CFR 40,part 86法规的认证试验实时在线累积测量全流系统AVL CEC SeriesCFV CVS气体排放全部柴油颗粒（滤纸称重-稀释后）研发,ECE R 49,ESC,ETCEEC 91542,ISO 16183,ECE R 86,EEC 70720,CFR 40,part 86法规的认证试验实时在线累积测量5Originator,location of data storage,date of creati
5、on碳烟测量的基本概念和基本原理碳烟测量的基本概念和基本原理1.碳烟颗粒（Soot Particle)是在碳氢化合物高温下裂解或燃烧产生的(直径1nm)。2.碳烟颗粒测量是通过光学方法确定与被采集烟度大小成比例的滤纸黑度滤纸黑度PB(Paper Blackening)PB=10*(1-Rb/Rw)Rb为采过烟度的滤纸反射值，Rw为干净滤纸反射值3.碳烟可用三种结果表征：滤纸烟度数 FSN（Filter Smoke Number),无量纲，0-10,由ISO 10054定义FSN=PB 在405mm有效烟柱采样长度，100kpa,25度条件下（BOSCH烟度数SZ=PB,）碳烟浓度（mg/M3)
6、污染级（%）仅日本用6Originator,location of data storage,date of creation光学方法确定与被采集烟度大小成比例的滤纸黑度光学方法确定与被采集烟度大小成比例的滤纸黑度7Originator,location of data storage,date of creationInfluence to Results Due to Flow Resistance on the Loaded Filter Paper8Originator,location of data storage,date of creationAVL Smoke Meter 4
7、15/415S Vs AVL409(or local)Comparison FSN/Bosch NumberBosch Number:Sampling Volume:330 cm3Filter Area:8,14 cm2(d=32 mm)Effective Length:40,5 cm FSN:Effective Length:40,5 cm Temp.at Filter Area:25 CPress.at Filter Area:1 bar9Originator,location of data storage,date of creationAVL415:Diesel Smoke Meas
8、urement withNew Sampling Technology Internal temperature,pressure and flow sensors secure high reliability and comparibility of the measurement results High accuracy and best reproducibility also for lowest smoke values Variable sampling volumeContinues sampling(constant sampling velocity)Flexible p
9、ower supply for different test applications automatic calibration,convenient operation10Originator,location of data storage,date of creationFilter Method Effective LengthDeadvolumeSample volumeFilterareaEffective lengthSample volume Dead volume Leak volumeFilter areaEffective length=(ISO DP10054规定规定
10、)11Originator,location of data storage,date of creationFilter Method Effective Length12Originator,location of data storage,date of creationFilter Smoke Numbers vs.Carbon Particulate13Originator,location of data storage,date of creationFilter Paper Loading vs.Paper Blackening Plotted for Different PB
11、 Ranges14Originator,location of data storage,date of creationCorrelation between FSN and soot ConcentrationIf“c”part is more than 15%,can quick calculate as following:15Originator,location of data storage,date of creationRelation Between Opacity and FSNRelation at low smoke FSN16Originator,location
12、of data storage,date of creationExample of Sensitivity and Zero StabilityOpacimeter values at low soot emission0.100.050.00k(m)-10102030Time minutes0.120.130.200.37FSN=Note:This is why so many 415S were used in R&D 17Originator,location of data storage,date of creationAVL 415S Smoke MeterHigh sensit
13、ivity by variable samplevolume(resolution 0.01 FSN,repeatability better 0.05 FSN)Big filter paper roll with 1200measurements per rollIntegrated paper spool deviceas standardOptional heating(instrumentand sampling hose)Conform to newest CE leveland Protectionclass IP 3418Originator,location of data s
14、torage,date of creationSmoke Meter 415 Functional Diagramm19Originator,location of data storage,date of creationNEW DESIGN20Originator,location of data storage,date of creationELECTRICAL ENCLOSURE21Originator,location of data storage,date of creationMECHANICAL ENCLOSURE22Originator,location of data
15、storage,date of creationGAS PATH23Originator,location of data storage,date of creationAUTOMATIC WORKING SEQUENCE24Originator,location of data storage,date of creationSHOP AIR PURGING25Originator,location of data storage,date of creationOPTION HIGH PRESSURE UP TO 3000mbar26Originator,location of data
16、 storage,date of creationPARTICLE TOWER27Originator,location of data storage,date of creationOPTION STRATEGYSMOKE METER 415S G002Heating1CH or 2 CHSpecial Sampling110VACAdvancedShop AirFilter Paper remainRSI TCP IP+PC SOFTWAREIn ScreenReal 3000mbar Special Sampling28Originator,location of data stora
17、ge,date of creationCEB COMBUSTION EMISSION BENCHHSUCEB COMBUSTION EMISSION BENCHHSU 6 x D 6 x D 5 x D 3 x D3542176D1AVL 排放柜_催化转换器前5AVL 415 S 滤纸式烟度计2AVL 排放柜 _催化转换器后6发动机3AVL 472 颗粒取样器7催化转换器4AVL 439透光式烟度计部分流排放直采系统部分流排放直采系统_采样点布局图采样点布局图29Originator,location of data storage,date of creation1.从排气管到稀释通道须上斜
18、方式安装（以避免冷凝水留在设备中）。采样软管下方应有支架。从排气管到稀释通道须上斜方式安装（以避免冷凝水留在设备中）。采样软管下方应有支架。2.220V供电供电3.允许排气背压范围允许排气背压范围:-100 mbar.+400 mbar (special sampling option can be up to 800 mbar/3000 mbar)4.采样探头：位置及前后直管段（见上图）采样探头：位置及前后直管段（见上图）415S安装要点安装要点0,40,50,60,70,80,90200400600800Back pressure up-stream of DPF mbarFilter S
19、moke NumberAVL409?415(1995)?415S(2001)?415S G02(2006)?415A(2010?)30Originator,location of data storage,date of creation415S control and operating methods1.CDH integration in PUMA Open2.By 4210 or In Screen3.(standalone PC software)4.Hyper terminal:9600,8,1,none,xon/xoff;Windows key;CTL_B SPACE then
20、CTL_CPractice.Special service(Only AVL staff):DONGLE:COM1 PIN6/7 bridgedFirmware download mode(plug in and switched on 415S,then removed)COM1 PIN4/5 bridgedservice mode(or hold press paper feed and switched on)CALIBRATION:(to see 415S Calibration procedure or Application note)1.415S volume calibrati
21、on&adjustment by 408S tester2.2.Optical heat calibration check via FSN standards:+/-1.5%(2%max)31Originator,location of data storage,date of creationFSN0.5时的精确测量环境空气干净（10ug/m3-0.001FSN)用压缩空气反吹后做零点检查测量时间长一些（如15秒或2，5升）取多次测量的平均值使用要点使用要点安装位置及采样设置（安装位置及采样设置（1升升=6秒）秒）滤纸保存条件温度为滤纸保存条件温度为15-38度，湿度为度，湿度为30-65%正常维护保养：检漏，清洁光测头，检查死体积设置和标定体积，润滑走纸和压紧机构正常维护保养：检漏，清洁光测头，检查死体积设置和标定体积，润滑走纸和压紧机构32Originator,location of data storage,date of creation415S的标定或比对415S的标定或比对1.用AVL408S量筒，通过肥皂泡法进行动态体积标定2.用AVL的标定灰片进行光测头的检查3.415S之间的比对认证4.AVL可提供415S的标定，维护服务33Originator,location of data storage,date of creation多谢！多谢！