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1、2019年中考语法专题：现在完成时一、语法和句型【知识梳理】 Present perfect tense (现在完成时)项目内容备注概念表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。 Eddie has eaten my food. (Eddie ate the food and now Hobo has nothing to eat.)表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并有可能继续延续下去的动作或状态。Eddie has lived with Mille since he was born.Eddie has lived w
2、ith Mille for four years.构成助动词has/have +动词的过去分词动词过去分词规则变化跟对应的过去式一样，在后面加ed.特殊变化详见书本。（P122-123）肯定形式They have finished their homework.He has finished his homework.缩略形式：they have=theyve;he has=hes否定形式They havent finished their homework.He hasnt finished his homework.疑问
3、形式Have they finished their homework?Yes, they have. / No, they havent.关键词 already(用于肯定句), yet(用于否定句和疑问句), since+一点时间, for+一段时间,never, ever, three times(其它表示频率的词, once, twice等)before, recently, in the past/last few years, so far, this month, today, now表示过去某一个动作的结果，现在情况依然存在。这时一般不用时间状语。I have
4、 lost my pen.包括现在时间在内的时间状语如today, this month, this week等有时也用现在完成时。 2.already与yet用法区别 already 用于肯定句，一般放在助动词与过去分词之间。yet用于否定句和疑问句，一般至于句末。【典例分析】：I have already worked out this math problem? (改为否定句) I
5、0; worked out the math problem . 解析：already与yet的转换.Key ： have not; y
6、et(1) since的用法since 后面加点时间，如since nearly three years ago或since2008.since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时.(2) for的用法：for后加一段时间。since/for 可以通过ago进行同义句转换。【典例分析】：1.They have worked in the factory since ten months ago.= They have worked in the factory for ten years2.We have learned English for
7、nearly three years. =We have learned English since three years ago.3.I have had a cold _ last Saturday, I have had a cold _ 5 days. I have had a cold _ 5 days ago.所以：_ 5 days= _ 5 days agoKey ：since，for, since, for, since典例分析】：例1.( ) I havent seen you _ last Friday.A. for
8、 B. since C. from D. on解析：后面的last Friday 是具体时间点，所以应该用since,选B这里需要提醒学生虽然此题后面的last是一般过去时的时间标志，但是跟since连用之后要用现在完成时。Key ：B例2.( ) Mr. White came to our school in 2008, and since then he _ us English. (2011盐城) A. teaches B. taught C. has taught D. will teach解析
9、：该题考查的是现在完成时标志性词since，since then自那以后，缩略形式的时间状语从句，后面是主句，主句用现在完成时.Key ：C Regular verbsIrregular verbsBase formPast participleBase formPast participlevisitvisitedhithitrepairrepairedputputlivelivedmeetmetmovemovedmakemadetrytriedsellsoldstudystudiedgivegivenfitfittedwritew
10、ritten规则动词的过去分词的构成1.大多数的动词的过去分词是规则的，只需在动词后加-ed；例如： workworked listenlistened jumpjumped visitvisited2.在以-e结尾的动词后只加-d；例如： closeclosed likeliked agreeagreed
11、60; movemoved3.在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i再加ed；例如： studystudied carrycarried trytried w
12、orryworried4.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed；例如： stopstopped dropdropped 不规则动词的过去分词的构成1. 有些动词的原形和过去分词相同；例如： putput hurthurt
13、60; becomebecome runrun2.改变单词中间元音字母；例如： sitsat winwon hol
14、dheld3.把单词结尾的字母d改为t；例如： lendlent spendspent sendsent4.以eep结尾的动词，把eep改为ept；例如： keepkept sleepslept5. 过去分词
15、以aught或ought结尾；例如： teachtaught buybought6.以ay结尾的动词，把ay变成aid；例如： saysaid paypaid7.在原形词尾加n或en；例如： givegiven
16、;eateaten 还有些动词的过去分词是不规则的，需要特殊记忆【例题精讲】1.- China develops so fast. - That's true. It_ a lot already.A.changes B.changedC.will change D.has changed答案D2.- How do you like your English teacher? - He is great. We_ friends since three years ago.A.were B.have madeC.have been D.hav
17、e become答案C3.I hear the tall girl wearing glasses is your new classmate. She's from America, _?A.has she B.isn't she C.hasn't she D.does she答案B4.- Is the film interesting? - I thought it would be. But_, it's very boring.A.in all B.in factC.in addit
18、ion D.in future答案B5.- Why don't you go to the movie with me, Betty? - Because I_it before.A.saw B.have seenC.see D.had seen答案B6.Holly has_ fed the dog, but she hasn't watered the plants _.A.still; already B.already; yetC.yet; still D.yet; already答案B7.- Have you ever been to Nanni
19、ng? - Yes, _. A.I was B.I doC.I am D.I have答案D8.The trip to Hong Kong was_and we felt_.A.pleased; pleased B.pleased; pleasantC.pleasant; pleased D.pleasure; pleasant答案C9.Susan and I have been friends_ five years.A.since B.afterC.for D.over答案C10. Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks nice. Is it n
20、ew? No, I _ it for two years. A.had B.have hadC.boughtD.have bought答案B11.I don't want to see the film The Hobbit II because I_ it already.A.has seen B.sawC.have seen D.had seen答案C12.Daniel三年前买了这台电脑。 Daniel the computer three years ago.答案has had|since13.在过去的几年，南京发生了许多变化 Many changes
21、60; in Nanjing over the years答案have taken place14.在某些方面，女性现在的生活比以前好多了。 Now, womens life is much better than before .答案in some ways15.深圳已经变成了一个现代化城市。 Shenzhen has .答案been a modern city16.-How do you like the good singer Yao Beina ? - She is so great. But she _ for only 4 months.A.died B.h
22、as diedC.has dead D.has been dead答案D17.你去过盐城科技博物馆多少次了？ Yancheng Science and Technology Museum答案How many times have you been to18.- Why are you so happy today? - Because I _(win)the badminton match.答案have won19.I _(read) this magazine. Will you please show me another?答案have read20.There _ (not
23、 be) much snow here in the past three years.答案hasnt been21.- Is your father at home? - No, Im afraid he _(go) out.答案has gone22.-Turn off the radio, dear. Baby is sleeping.-There is no need. He_(wake) up.答案has waken23.Mr.Fan _ this watch in 2006. He _ it for 10 years.A.bought, has had B.bought,
24、hasC.has bought, has had D.has bought, had答案A24.The teacher and writer _ the lecture. Itll be finished in half an hour.A.have gone to B.have been toC.has gone to D.has been to答案C25.Hes never been late for work, _ _?A.has he B.hasnt heC.is, he D.isnt he答案A26.- Wheres your brother? I havent seen him f
25、or several days. - He _ Tibet for holiday.A.have been to B.has gone toC.has gone to D.will go to答案B27.- _ you ever _ to Xinjiang?- Yes, I_ there last year.A.Have gone, went B.Have been, have beenC.Have been, went D.Have gone, have gone答案C28.David knows much about the city because he _ ther
26、e many timesA.goes B.wentC.has gone D.has been答案D29.Our streets and villages _ much cleaner in the past few monthsA.have became B.have becomeC.became D.will become答案B1.Miss Lee_ (teach) us English since she came here three years ago.答案has taught2.- Will you go and see the movie Net Mother with me? -
27、 Thank you. But I _it already.A.saw B.have seenC.see D.will see答案B二、语法和句型【知识梳理】（1）have/ has been to：曾经去过，强调以往的经历。如： The old man has been to Egypt when he was young.（2）have/ has gone to：去了某地，强调还没有回来。如： -Where is your uncle? - He has gone to the supermarket.（3）have/ has been in：待在某地，住在某地。如：【
28、典例分析】：用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。A: Where _ Li Fei _?B: He _ to Hainan Island.A: How long _ he _ there?B: He _ there for three days.A: When will he come back, do you know?B: Im afraid he wont come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _ never _ there.A: How
29、many times _ Li Fei _ to that place?B: He _ there only once.答案: has, gone , has gone, has, been, has been ,have ,been , has ,been, has been. (1)since的用法A. since后可加时间点例：They have been here since last week.B. since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时，主句动词用现在完成时例：They have learned
30、English since they were 10 years old.(2)for的用法：for后加一段时间。They have learned English for ten years.(3)since 和 for 用法的相互转换：for +一段时间= since+ 一段时间+ agoThey have learned English for ten years. = They have learned English since ten years ago.(4)对since和for的提问用how long。如：-How long have you been in Nanjing?-
31、For three years. / Since three years ago. 【典例分析】：用for, since, ago填空。1. Sally has been away from London _ last Saturday.2. Our school has changed a lot _ the new building was built.3. Tommy has had this motorcycle _ three years.4. I have been in Nanjing _ eight years.5. My parents has been marri
32、ed since twenty years _.6. My cousin joined the army three months _.答案：1. since 2. since 3. for 4. for 5. ago 6. ago3.延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法 （1）现在完成时与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续性动词不能和一段时间连用。如：翻译：这本书我从图书馆已经借了两个多星期了。误：I have already borrowed the book for over two weeks.正：
33、I have already kept the book for over two weeks. （2）非延续性动词与一段时间状语连用时可采用将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词的方式。如：comebe here；gobe there; die-be dead; borrow-keep; buy-have; join-be in(be a member);leave-be away等。非延续性动词延续性动词现在完成时形式borrowkeepShe has kept this book for three weeks.leavebe awayThey
34、have been away from home for two days.arrive/reach/get/movebe in/atKitty has been in Hong Kong for a e/gobe in/atMy mum has been in Beijing for two months.begin/startbe onThe film has been on for an hour.stop/finish/endbe overThe meeting has been over for two hours.diebe deadThe lamb has been dead f
35、or some time.joinbe in/be a member ofSimon has been a member of the Football Club since last year.becomebeHow long has your sister been a teacher?openbe openThe shop has been open for ten hours.closebe closedThe market has been closed since 2010.buyhaveHe has had this motorcycle for two years.fall a
36、sleepbe asleepThe dog has been asleep for several hours.catch a coldhave a coldHow long have you had a cold?fall illbe illMike has been ill for ten years.get marriedbe marriedThey have been married for fifteen years.get upbe upThey have been up for two e back be backThe lost cat has been back since
37、last night.go out be outThe old man has been out since last Friday.批注：补充强调一下，非延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，只是不能与一段时间连用。批注：加粗的部分是书面后面补充的，可根据学生的情况进行删减三、语法和句型 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别与联系：1. 相同点：两个时态都表示一个在过去完成的动作。2. 不同点：现在完成时强调的是与现在的关系，对现在产生的结果或影响等，属于现在时范围，谈论的是现在的情况；一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系，现在情况可能已发生变化。e.g.: Who opened th
38、e door?谁开的门？(只强调过去开门这一动作，门现在可能已关上。)Who has opened the door?谁把门开了？(强调门现在依然还开着。)例1: -Tom, Can I borrow your magazine?-Sorry, I _it to Mary.A. lent B. have lent C. had lent &#
39、160; D. lend解析：根据句意：-Tom, 我能借用一下你的杂志吗？-对不起，我把它借给玛丽了。首先借的动作肯定是发生在过去，先排除C和D. 另外，借的动作已经对现在产生了影响，因为我借不了了。选择现在完成时。答案：B 例2: I left my pen in the desk and now it's gone, who _it?A. took &
40、#160;B. has taken C. will take D. had taken解析：根据句意：我把笔丢在课桌里了，现在它不见了，是谁拿走啦？首先拿走的的动作肯定是发生在过去，先排除C和D。另外，拿走的动作已经对现在产生了影响，因为现在笔不见了。如果选择一般过去时，那笔不一定现在不在了。因此选择现在完成时。答案：B2.结构上的区别 时
41、态结构一般过去时主语+ was/ were+其他主语+ 动词过去式+其他现在完成时主语+has/ have +动词过去分词时态时间状语一般过去时yesterday, the other day (= a few days ago), last, ago, the day before yesterday, just now, in +过去时间现在完成时already, ever, just, recently, (not) yet, so far (迄今为止), up to now, till now, since, never, before 批注：老
42、师讲解时，需要提醒学生养成良好的做题习惯，解题时，若出现明确的过去时间状语，则不用现在完成时态，而用一般过去时。【典例讲解】例1: Julie's father _ to London last month. He _ there three times.A. went; had gone B. has gone; has been C. went; has been D. has been; had gone解析：考查动词的时态。根据句意：“上个月朱莉的爸爸去伦敦。他已经去过那里3次了
43、。”，前一句是一般过去时，因为有明显的标志语“last month”。后一句则是现在完成时，有明显的时间three times.答案：C例2: How long have you _here?For two days. I _here the day before yesterday.A. been; came B. come; came C. came; came
44、 D. been; been解析:上句How long(多长时间)询问时间段，故句中应用延续性谓语动词，come为非延续性动词，故排除B、C；由答语中the day before yesterday可知下句后一分句为一般过去时，come的过去时为came.答案：A例3: -Have you ever been to Shanghai, Mary?-Yes, I _there for three days with my parents last month.A. have gone B. have been
45、60; C. went D. was 解析: 句意：-Mary，你去过上海吗？-是的，我上个月和我父母在那呆了三天。首先这个句子的真正时间信号词是“last month”所以用一般过去时，其次这个句子的附加时间信号词是“for three days”显然是一段时间，所以只能用"was"，be动词一般表状态的。答案：D1. 现在完成时强调的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，所以若是过去发生的一个动作，现在情况已经发生的变化，则不用现在
46、完成时，而用一般过去时。e.g.: I put my ruler in my pencil-box, but I cant find it now. 【批注】：若用I have put my ruler in my pencil-box, 则过去的动作put对现在的影响是“尺子还在笔袋里”，但实际上我现在找不到了，说明现在情况发生了变化，不用现在完成时。【典例讲解】例1：My father (work) in
47、 a factory for five years. But now he is a teacher.解析：这道题是有点难度的。很多学生会误填has worked. 因为看见了现在完成时的时间状语“for five years”。在讲解时要注意这里的“已经五年了”是到现在的时间点为止，但是从后句的“But now he is a teacher”说明他在工厂工作五年不是延续到现在的五年。因此在工厂工作是过去就结束的动作，对现在无影响。因此应用一般过去时。答案：worked2. 现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用, when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where,
48、why等疑问词连用。e.g.: -The train has left.-When did the train leave?e.g.: Where have you been?【典例讲解】例1: When _you _ your dictionary?A. did; lose B. has; lost C. will; lo
49、se D. does; lose解析：首先C.和D肯定不正确，不可能预测以后的事，也不可能总是丢东西；在A和B中，主要是询问这个动作什么时候发生的，而没有涉及与现在的联系。答案：A3. 现在完成时五大句型：1) Its +一段时间+since(或It has been +一段时间+since)e.g.: It is 8 years since I came to Nanjing. = It has been 8 years since I came to Nanjin
50、g.2) This is the +形容词最高级+ 名词+ that +从句（从句用现在完成时）e.g.: This is the saddest film that I have ever seen.3) Where have you been?4) There have/ has been e.g.: There have been great changes to my hometown in the past two years.5) It is the first / second/ time that+从句（从句用现在完成时）e.g
51、.: It is the first time that I have visited Beijing.【批注】：1）最后一个句型要注意和It is ones first/ second time to do sth.区分 2） 这个知识点在初二范围内用到的较多的是3和4，老师课上可以根据学生的情况选取讲解。 【例题精讲】1.-你曾经梦想过没有护照去环游世界吗？-是的，你可以通过在线旅行实现你的梦想。 -Have you ever ? -Yes, you can .答案dreamed| of |travelling |around |the |world |without |passports|; realize |your |dream |by |taking |an |online| tour (或realize your dre