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1、高考英语语法总复习:动词不定式的结构与特征动词不定式的构成与特征不定式是指在句中无人称和数的限制,并在句中起名词或副词作用的成分,动词不定式有两种形式,一种是带to的不定式,一种是不带to的不定式,后者又称动词原形。不定式不能作句子的谓语,但它具有动词的一些特征,如可以带有自己的宾语,可以有状语修饰等。1)及物动词的不定式可以跟宾语例句1:He ordered me to open the door.他命令我去开门。例句2:It is important and necessary to master a foreign language and computer skills.掌握
2、外语和电脑技能很重要也很有必要。2)可以被状语修饰例句1:He asked me to say my name aloud.他让我大声说出我的名字。例句2:I was told to drive the car carefully and slowly.3)没有人称和数的变化动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,即不受主语的人称和单、复数的限定或影响。例句1:She likes to play basketball.她喜欢打篮球。例句2:She liked to play the accordion when she was young.她小时候喜欢演
3、奏手风琴。4)其否定形式是在不定式符号to前面加not例句1:The doctor told him not to eat spicy food.医生告诉他不要吃辛辣食物。例句2:She seems not to have a bright time with her new friends.和新朋友在一起她似乎过得不太好。5)不定式的逻辑主语可用for或of结构引出例句1:It's rude of you to say so.你这样说太无礼了。例句2:It's important for us to look into the worl
4、d.放眼世界对我们很重要。不定式的其它结构1)只保留符号to的不定式为了避免重复,有时不定式中的主要动词可以省略,只剩下不定式符合to。常保留to的动词结构有used to,be going to,mean to,ought to,try to,plan to等。例句1:You can go with us if you want to.你如果想去可以和我们一起去。例句2:You don't know her? But you ought to.你不认识她?不过你应该认识的。个别情况下to可以保留,也可以一起省略:例句:She may go if she likes
5、 (to).她如果想去可以去。如果不定式是动词be或have(表示“有”)时,be和have不能省略。例句1:-Is your father a reporter ? 你父亲是记者吗?-No,but he used to be.不是,不过他曾经是。例句2:We don't have a school football club,but we used to have.我们学校没有足球俱乐部,不过曾经有。2)不带符号to的不定式有些动词如see,hear,watch,find,observe,notice,discover,feel,make,let,have等后跟不带to的不
6、定式作宾语补足语。例句1:Onions make your eyes water.洋葱能刺激眼睛流泪。例句2:Will you please have Tom come over this weekend ?本周末能不能让汤姆来?当主语部分含有助动词do的某种形式时,作表语的不定式可省略to。例句1:What you have to do is (to) fill in the form.你所要做的是把表格填完。例句2:All you need to do is (to) press the button.你所要做的就是按下按钮。动词help之后的不定式
7、作宾语补足语时,to有时可省略。但当主语是表示物的名词或主语不能发出不定式的动作时需要带to。例句1:They will take stiffer measures to help (to) fight terrorism.他们将采取更为强硬的措施以帮助打击恐怖活动。例句2:This charity aims to help people to help themselves.这一慈善团体的宗旨是帮助人们实行自助。例句3:Green tea can help you to feel relaxed and refreshed.绿茶可以使你感到放松,精力充沛。以wh
8、y开头的省略疑问句中不定式前的to一定要去掉。例句1:Why bother?干嘛费这事?例句2:Why worry about such little things ?为啥为这种小事担忧?例句3:Why not join us in the game ?怎么不和我们一起玩游戏呢?常跟不带to的不定式结构有:Had better do sth.最好做某事(一种命令)例句:You had better do your homework right now.你最好马上去做你的作业。Would rather do sth.宁愿做某事例句:I decided that if I was going to
9、 go bankrupt, I would rather do it in the way I wanted.我觉得,如果我倒闭了,那么还不如去做我想做的事。Cannot but do sth.只好做某事例句:All future success cannot but come my way because through my actions, my speech, and my habits I have become a success magnet.所有未来的成功都会慢慢向我走来,我的行动,言语,习惯,它们已经形成了强大的磁场,吸引成功的磁场。Do nothing but do sth
10、.只好做某事例句:So we could do nothing but look on.但我们只能干瞪眼。Have nothing to do but do sth.只能做某事例句:The boys have nothing to do but moon around in the streets .这些男孩子没什么事可做,只是在街上闲荡。3)并列不定式当有两个或更多不定式并列使用时,通常只在第一个不定式前加to,后面的不定式前常省略to。但如果二者有对比关系,每个不定式前都应带to。例句1:I'd like to stay with you,help you
11、60;and learn from you.我愿意留在你身边,帮助你并向你学习。例句2:It is better to give than to take.给予比接受更好。4)分裂不定式有时to和后面的动词可插入一个副词:例句1:He was too ill to really carryout his duty.他病得太重,不能切实履行他的职责。例句2:Mother asks you to kindly come over to see us tonight.妈妈请你今晚到我们家来一趟。这种也称为分裂不定式,这种用法在口语中最好避免。如可能,可以把副词
12、放到后面,如:to completely cover the floor可改为to cover the floor completely,to unduly alarm people可改为to alarm people unduly。5)在个别情况下,可用不定式构成或引导一个句子不带to的不定式例句1:Why not wait fora couple more days ?干嘛不再等上一两天?例句2:Why get upset just because you got a bad mark ?何必因为得的分数差就想不开?带to的不定式例句1:And to think that I trusted him !没想到我竟然信任了他!例句2:To think he would come to anything like that !没想到他竟是这样的下场!例句3:To think of his not knowing anything about it !没想到他对此竟一无所知!