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1、遥感导论遥感导论第1页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三回顾回顾n n什么是反射率?n n什么是地物反射光谱特性,有何作用?n n遥感平台的种类?n n星下点、升交点、降交点的概念?n n太阳同步轨道和地球同步轨道的概念?第2页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三二、陆地卫星系列二、陆地卫星系列第3页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三CharacteristicLaunched byLaunched byDate of launchDate of launchDate of Date of terminationterminationAltitudeAltitudeSensorSensor
2、Recurrent Recurrent periodperiodLANDSAT-1LANDSAT-1NASANASA1972.7.231972.7.231978.1.61978.1.6915km915kmRBV/MSSRBV/MSS18days18daysLANDSAT-2LANDSAT-2NASANASA1975.1.221975.1.221982.2.251982.2.25915km915kmRBV/MSSRBV/MSS18days18daysLANDSAT-3LANDSAT-3NASANASA1978.3.51978.3.51983.3.311983.3.31915km915kmRBV/
3、MSSRBV/MSS18days18daysLANDSAT-4LANDSAT-4NASANASA1982.7.161982.7.162001.6.152001.6.15705km705kmMSS/TMMSS/TM16days16daysLANDSAT-5LANDSAT-5NASANASA1984.3.11984.3.1OperatingOperating*1*1705km705kmMSS/TMMSS/TM16days16daysLANDSAT-6LANDSAT-6NASANASA1993.10.51993.10.51993.10.51993.10.5-ETMETM16days16daysLAN
4、DSAT-7LANDSAT-7NASANASA1999.4.151999.4.15OperatingOperating*2*2705km705kmETM+ETM+16days16days*1:ThedatareceptionbyNASDAwasfinishedtoJun30,2001.*2:ThedatareceptionbyNASDAwasfinishedtoNov30,2002.第4页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nOverviewOverviewn n LANDSAT-1istheworldfirstearthobservationsatellitelaunchedbytheU
5、nitedLANDSAT-1istheworldfirstearthobservationsatellitelaunchedbytheUnitedStatesStatesin1972in1972andamemorablesatellitewhichhasbeenrecognizedinavailabilitybeingandamemorablesatellitewhichhasbeenrecognizedinavailabilitybeingcapableofobservingtheearthfarfromspace.Itsexcellentobservationabilitybroughta
6、boutcapableofobservingtheearthfarfromspace.Itsexcellentobservationabilitybroughtabouttheimportanceofstate-of-the-artremotesensing.FollowingLANDSAT-1,LANDSAT-2,3,theimportanceofstate-of-the-artremotesensing.FollowingLANDSAT-1,LANDSAT-2,3,4,5and7werelaunched,andcurrentlyLANDSAT-7isoperatedasamainsatel
7、lite.4,5and7werelaunched,andcurrentlyLANDSAT-7isoperatedasamainsatellite.n nLANDSAT-5isequippedwithLANDSAT-5isequippedwithMultispectralScanner(MSS)MultispectralScanner(MSS)andandThematicMapper(TM)ThematicMapper(TM).MSSisanopticalsensortoobservethereflectedsolarradiationfromtheearthsurfaceMSSisanopti
8、calsensortoobservethereflectedsolarradiationfromtheearthsurfaceinfourdifferentspectralbandsbyacombinationoftheopticalsystemandthesensor.infourdifferentspectralbandsbyacombinationoftheopticalsystemandthesensor.TMisamoreadvancedversionofobservationequipmentthanMSS,whichobservesTMisamoreadvancedversion
9、ofobservationequipmentthanMSS,whichobservestheearthssurfacein7spectralbandsrangingfromvisibletothermalinfraredregions.theearthssurfacein7spectralbandsrangingfromvisibletothermalinfraredregions.n nLANDSAT-7isequippedwithLANDSAT-7isequippedwithEnhancedThematicMapperPlus(ETM+)EnhancedThematicMapperPlus
10、(ETM+),the,thesuccessorofTM.TheobservationbandsarebasicallysamesevenbandsasTMandthesuccessorofTM.TheobservationbandsarebasicallysamesevenbandsasTMandthenewlyaddednewlyaddedband8witha15mband8witha15mofhighresolution.ofhighresolution.第5页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Wavelength Wavelength Visible:2bandsVisible:2b
11、andsNear-infrared:2bandsNear-infrared:2bandsSpatial Resolution Spatial Resolution 83m83mSwath Width Swath Width 185km185km第6页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Wavelength Wavelength Visible:3bandsVisible:3bandsNear-infraredandMiddle-infrared:3bandsNear-infraredandMiddle-infrared:3bandsThermal-infrared:1bandThermal-
12、infrared:1bandSpatial Resolution Spatial Resolution Visible,Near-infraredandMiddle-infrared:30mVisible,Near-infraredandMiddle-infrared:30mThermal-infrared:120mThermal-infrared:120mSwath Width Swath Width About180kmAbout180km第7页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三OverviewOverview TheETM+isanimprovedversionoftheLandsat
13、4/5ThematicMapperTheETM+isanimprovedversionoftheLandsat4/5ThematicMapper(TM)payloads,butstillprovidesdatacontinuitywithallpriorLandsat(TM)payloads,butstillprovidesdatacontinuitywithallpriorLandsatmissions.Improvementsintheinstrumentincludeincreasedspatialmissions.Improvementsintheinstrumentincludein
14、creasedspatialresolutionofthethermalIRband(Band6),improvementoftheresolutionofthethermalIRband(Band6),improvementoftheradiometriccalibrationequipment,andtheadditionofapanchromaticradiometriccalibrationequipment,andtheadditionofapanchromaticband(Band8).BelowisasimplifieddiagramoftheETM+.band(Band8).B
15、elowisasimplifieddiagramoftheETM+.第8页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三CharacteristicBandBandwavelength bandwavelength bandResolutionResolution1 10.45-0.520.45-0.52m mm m 30m30m2 20.52-0.600.52-0.60m mm m 30m30m3 30.63-0.690.63-0.69m mm m 30m30m4 40.76-0.900.76-0.90m mm m 30m30m5 51.55-1.751.55-1.75m mm m 30m30m6 6
16、10.4-12.510.4-12.5m mm m 60m60m7 72.08-2.352.08-2.35m mm m 30m30m8 80.50-0.900.50-0.90m mm m 15m15m第9页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nOrbits of Earth Observation SatellitesOrbits of Earth Observation SatellitesThe orbit is the path taken by the artificial satellites including earth The orbit is the path taken
17、by the artificial satellites including earth observation satellites when they fly around the earth.There are observation satellites when they fly around the earth.There are several types of orbits,and the orbit is selected depending on several types of orbits,and the orbit is selected depending on p
18、urposes of the satellites.Earth observation satellites have a major purposes of the satellites.Earth observation satellites have a major mission to observe the entire earth,so they circle the most suitable mission to observe the entire earth,so they circle the most suitable Sun-synchronous sub-recur
19、rent orbit.Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit.n nSun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit is a combination of sun-Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit is a combination of sun-synchronous orbit and sub-recurrent orbit.synchronous orbi
20、t and sub-recurrent orbit.第10页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三With sun-synchronous orbitWith sun-synchronous orbit Withsun-synchronousorbit,Withsun-synchronousorbit,positioningbetweenthesatellitepositioningbetweenthesatelliteandthesunisalwaysthesame,andthesunisalwaysthesame,whichmeanstheareathewhichmeanstheareath
21、esatellitefliesoveralwaysgetssatellitefliesoveralwaysgetssamesunlightangle.Withthissamesunlightangle.Withthisorbit,theincidenceangleorbit,theincidenceangle(入射角)(入射角)ofsunlighttothelandsurfaceisofsunlighttothelandsurfaceisalwaysthesame,anditallowsalwaysthesame,anditallowstoobserveradiationandtoobserv
22、eradiationandreflectionfromthelandsurfacereflectionfromthelandsurfaceaccurately.accurately.A sub-recurrent orbitA sub-recurrent orbitAsub-recurrentorbitmeansAsub-recurrentorbitmeansthatafteracertainnumberofthatafteracertainnumberofdays,thesatelliterepeatsitsdays,thesatelliterepeatsitsoriginalorbit.T
23、hisorbitoriginalorbit.Thisorbitenablesthesatellitetoobserveenablesthesatellitetoobservethesameareaatregularthesameareaatregularintervals.intervals.第11页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Sun-synchronousorbitSun-synchronousorbitSub-recurrentorbitSub-recurrentorbit第12页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Sun Synchronous Orbit of Landsat
24、7Sun Elevation Angle第13页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Satellites and obits第14页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三第15页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三二、陆地卫星系列-SPOT卫星卫星第16页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 SPOT 5 SPOT 4 卫星运行服务中断发射日或重新开始服务日 SPOT 1 SPOT 2SPOT 3 第17页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Over
25、viewTheFrenchearthobservationsatellitesSPOT-1,2,3and4werelaunchedintoasun-synchronoussub-recurrentorbitatanaltitudeofabout822kmin1986,1990,1993and1998respectively.SPOTcanobservenotonlytheearthssurfacejustunderneaththesatellitebutalsoslantwisetothesatellitespathbychangingthescandirectionofthesensors.
26、Itcanshortenthetimeperiodforobservingaspecifiedarearepetitively.SPOT-1,-2and-3areequippedwithCCDsensorscalledHighResolutionVisibleImagingSystem(HRV).SPOT-4isequippedwithtwoCCDsensors,HRVssuccessor,HighResolutionVisibleandInfrared(HRVIR)andVegetation(VGT)*1.TheobservationbandsofHRVIRarebasicallysamea
27、sHRVandthenewlyaddedband4,shortwaveinfrared(SWIR:1.58to1.75mm).VGTobserveswideareawithaswathof2,250km.第18页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Observation Band Observation Band Visible:2bandsVisible:2bandsNear-infrared:1bandNear-infrared:1bandPanchromatic-Band:1bandPanchromatic-Band:1bandSpatial Resolution Spatial Res
28、olution Multispectoral-Band:20mMultispectoral-Band:20mPanchromatic-Band:10mPanchromatic-Band:10mSwath Width Swath Width About60kmAbout60km第19页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三HRVIR Scanning ImageHRVIR Scanning Image第20页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三第21页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三 Spot Spot 立体像对立体像对 轨道旁向倾斜,像对最短时间差为0.5小时自动相关生成DEM,高程精度为7
29、-11米(VirtuoZo)第22页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三 SPOTSPOT的倾斜观测功能的倾斜观测功能重复观测能力单星:重复观测能力单星:2 23 3天天/次,多星:次,多星:1 1天天/次次第23页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三2020600KmmaxiHRS120Km立体成像装置HRS第24页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Spot-5Spot-5基本产品基本产品10米多光谱米多光谱5米全色米全色2.5米全色米全色第25页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三+Spot-5Spot-5增值产品增值产品 10米多光谱米多光谱5米米Pan第26页,共48页,编辑于202
30、2年,星期三Spot 5 同轨立体像对Spot 5 HRS立体像立体像对生成的对生成的10米高程精度米高程精度DEM第27页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三二、陆地卫星系列-IKONOSIKONOSn nIKONOS:n n1米全色n n4米多光谱n n1米全色-锐化轨道轨道:680km,太阳同步太阳同步,98.2 倾斜倾斜第28页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三IKONOSIKONOS光谱波段光谱波段红波段红波段.63-.69 microns(4m)近红外近红外.76-.90 microns(4m)蓝波段蓝波段.45-.52 microns(4m)绿波段绿波段.52-.60 micr
31、ons(4m)全色全色全色全色.45-.90 .45-.90 微米的图像微米的图像微米的图像微米的图像(1m(1m)第29页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Overview of IKONOSSinceitslaunchinSeptember1999,SpaceImagingsIKONOSearthimagingsatellitehasprovidedareliablestreamofimagedatathathasbecomethestandardforcommercialhigh-resolutionsatellitedataproducts.TheIKONOSsatelliteist
32、heworldsfirstcommercialsatellitetocollectblack-and-whiteimageswith1-meterresolutionandmultispectralimagerywith4-meterresolution.Sensor CharacteristicsTheIKONOSsatelliteweighsabout1600pounds.ItorbitstheEarthevery98minutesatanaltitudeofapproximately680kilometersor423miles.IKONOSwaslaunchedintoasun-syn
33、chronousorbit,passingagivenlongitudeataboutthesamelocaltime(10:30A.M.)daily.IKONOScanproduce1-meterimageryofthesamegeographyevery 3 days.第30页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Spectral Range1-meter black-and-white(panchromatic)0.45-0.90 mm.4-meter multispectral Blue:0.45-0.52 mmGreen:0.51-0.60 mmRed:0.63-0.70mmNear
34、IR:0.76-0.85 mm第31页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Thisone-meterresolutionsatelliteimageofManhattan,NewYorkwascollectedat11:43a.m.EDTonSept.12,2001bySpaceImagingsIKONOSsatellite.Theimageshowsanareaofwhitedustandsmokeatthelocationwherethe1,350-foottowersoftheWorldTradeCenteroncestood.Sinceallaircraftweregroundedfo
35、llowingtheattackonAmericaitstheonlyhigh-resolutionviewfromaboveofthefireanddestructionofthetwintowers第32页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Thisone-meterresolution,colorsatelliteimageoftheLingshuimilitaryairfieldonthesoutheasterncoastofHainanIslandintheSouthChinaSea,wascollectedat10:32a.m.localtimeonApril10,2001bySp
36、aceImagingsIKONOSsatellite.AUSNavyplanemadeanemergencylandingthereafteramid-aircollisionwithaChinesefighter.Thenavyaircraftisclearlyvisibleandparkedonthetaxiwayadjacenttothenorthendoftherunway(northisup).第33页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三二、陆地卫星系列-QuickBirdQuickBird第34页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三二、陆地卫星系列-中巴资源一号中巴资源一号卫星系列
37、(卫星系列(CBERS-1)第35页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三中巴资源一号卫星系列(中巴资源一号卫星系列(CBERS-1)CBERS-1 CBERS-1 中巴资源卫星由中国与巴西于中巴资源卫星由中国与巴西于19991999年年1010月月1414日日合作发射,是我国的第一颗数字传输型资源卫星合作发射,是我国的第一颗数字传输型资源卫星卫星卫星ZY-1ZY-1(CBERS-1CBERS-1)类型类型标称圆形太阳同步轨道标称圆形太阳同步轨道高度高度778km778km倾角倾角98.598.5降交点时降交点时上午上午1010时时3030分分周期周期100.26min100.26min重复周期
38、重复周期26d/26d/相邻地面轨迹间隔时间相邻地面轨迹间隔时间3d3d姿控姿控三轴三轴第36页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三资源一号卫星资源一号卫星01、02星主要技术指标表星主要技术指标表探测器探测器波段波段(m)(m)空间空间分辨率分辨率(mm)扫幅扫幅kmkm象元素象元素其他其他CCDCCDB1B1:0.450.450.520.52B2:0.52B2:0.520.590.59B3:0.63B3:0.630.690.69B4:0.77B4:0.770.890.89B5:0.51B5:0.510.730.7319.519.511311358125812具有侧视功能具有侧视功能-32-
39、32+32+32IRMSSIRMSSB6:0.51B6:0.511.11.1B7:1.55B7:1.551.751.75B8:2.08B8:2.082.352.3577.877.8119.5119.515361536 红外扫描红外扫描仪仪B9:10.4B9:10.412.512.5156156768768噪声等效温度噪声等效温度1.2K1.2KWFIWFI成像成像仪仪B10:0.63B10:0.630.690.69B11:0.77B11:0.770.890.89 下行频道下行频道X X数据率数据率113.23Mb/s113.23Mb/s第37页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三高光谱卫星高光
40、谱卫星特点:采用高分辨率成像光谱仪,波段数为特点:采用高分辨率成像光谱仪,波段数为36-256个,光谱分辨率个,光谱分辨率5-10nm,地面分辨率地面分辨率30-1000m。卫星卫星国家国家探测器探测器光谱分辨率光谱分辨率发射时间(计划)发射时间(计划)EOS-AM1EOS-AM1EOS-PM1EOS-PM1美国美国MODISMODIS0.420.4214.24m14.24mmin5min510nm10nm36Bands36Bands1998.6(1998.6(延期延期)2000.122000.12EOS-AM1EOS-AM1美国美国ASTERASTER0.520.5211.65m11.65m
41、min 60nmmin 60nm14Bands14Bands2000.122000.12EO-1EO-1美国美国HyperionHyperion0.40.42.5m2.5mmin 10nmmin 10nm233233309Bands309Bands20002000ARIES-1ARIES-1澳大利亚澳大利亚ARIESARIES0.40.42.5m2.5mmin 10nmmin 10nm64Bands64Bands20002000Orbview4Orbview4美国美国 HS 0.45HS 0.452.50m2.50m(200Bands)(200Bands)MS0.45MS0.452.50m2.
42、50m(4Bands)(4Bands)20002000第38页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三MODIS主要技术指标表主要技术指标表探测器探测器MODISMODIS卫星卫星EOS-AM1EOS-AM1(19991999)EOS-PM1EOS-PM1(20002000)降交点时降交点时10:30a.m10:30a.m1:30pm1:30pm空间分辨率空间分辨率250m(Bands1-2)250m(Bands1-2)500m(Bands3-7)500m(Bands3-7)1000m(Bands8-36)1000m(Bands8-36)刈幅刈幅2330km(2330km(变轨变轨)覆盖天数覆盖天
43、数1 12d2d量化量化12bit12bit波段波段3636(含陆地波段(含陆地波段1313个)个)第39页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三SAR卫星卫星SARSAR(合成孔径雷达),特点分辨率较高,代表(合成孔径雷达),特点分辨率较高,代表(合成孔径雷达),特点分辨率较高,代表(合成孔径雷达),特点分辨率较高,代表Radarsat-1Radarsat-1 。第40页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三Radarsat-1星载雷达工作模式表星载雷达工作模式表工作模式工作模式分辨率距离向分辨率距离向 方方位向位向(m)(m)扫描宽度(扫描宽度(kmkm)入射角范围入射角范围()()标准波束标
44、准波束2528252810010020205050宽幅波束宽幅波束2535253515015020204040精细波束精细波束810810505037374848窄幅窄幅Scan SARScan SAR5050505030030020204040宽幅宽幅Scan SARScan SAR10010010010050050020205050超高入射角波束超高入射角波束25282528757550506060超低入射角波束超低入射角波束25282528757510102323第41页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三小卫星系列小卫星系列n n特点n n1 重量轻,体积小n n2 研制周期短,成本低
45、n n3发射灵活,启动速度快n n4技术性能高第42页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三国外已经或将要发射的部分对地观测小卫星国外已经或将要发射的部分对地观测小卫星表表名称名称质量质量(kgkg)主要有效载主要有效载荷荷名称名称质量质量(kgkg)主要有效载荷主要有效载荷LOSAT-XLOSAT-X美国美国7575多光谱成像多光谱成像仪仪MightySatII-1MightySatII-1美国美国140140成像成像MSTI-1MSTI-1美国美国150150红外遥感红外遥感OFFEQ-3OFFEQ-3以色以色列列189189成像成像MSTI-2MSTI-2169169红外遥感红外遥感IBR
46、DIBRD美国美国8585三线阵三线阵CCDCCD相机相机MSTI-3MSTI-3212212红外遥感红外遥感CRSSCRSS美国美国830830线阵线阵CCDCCD相机相机REX-IIREX-II美国美国110110辐射遥感辐射遥感SUNSATSUNSAT南非南非6060三色三色CCDCCD相机相机FORTEFORTE美国美国215215无线电遥感无线电遥感DAVIDDAVID加拿大加拿大180180线阵线阵CCDCCD相机相机OrbView-3OrbView-3美美国国400400全色成像全色成像KITSAT-3KITSAT-3韩国韩国100100遥感遥感第43页,共48页,编辑于2022
47、年,星期三三、海洋卫星系列1.1.海洋遥感的特点:海洋遥感的特点:1)1)需要高空和空间的遥感平台,以进行大面积同步覆盖需要高空和空间的遥感平台,以进行大面积同步覆盖的观测;的观测;2)2)以微波遥感为主;以微波遥感为主;3)3)海面实测资料的校正。海面实测资料的校正。第44页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三2、主要的海洋卫星简介n n美国的海洋卫星(美国的海洋卫星(美国的海洋卫星(美国的海洋卫星(SEASAT):SEASAT):SEASAT):SEASAT):n n19781978年发射;近极地太阳同步轨道;扫描覆盖海洋的宽度年发射;近极地太阳同步轨道;扫描覆盖海洋的宽度1900km19
48、00km;五种传感器,以微波为主。;五种传感器,以微波为主。n n日本的海洋观测卫星系列(日本的海洋观测卫星系列(日本的海洋观测卫星系列(日本的海洋观测卫星系列(MOS-1)MOS-1)MOS-1)MOS-1):n n获取大陆架浅海的海洋数据。获取大陆架浅海的海洋数据。n n欧洲海洋卫星系列(欧洲海洋卫星系列(欧洲海洋卫星系列(欧洲海洋卫星系列(ERSERSERSERS):):):):n n主要用于海洋学、海冰学、海洋污染监测等领域。主要用于海洋学、海冰学、海洋污染监测等领域。n n加拿大的雷达卫星(加拿大的雷达卫星(加拿大的雷达卫星(加拿大的雷达卫星(RADARSATRADARSATRADA
49、RSATRADARSAT):n n加、美、德、英共同设计,加、美、德、英共同设计,19951995年发射。年发射。第45页,共48页,编辑于2022年,星期三 OverviewOverview :Marine Observation Satellite-1(MOS-1),Momo-1 is Marine Observation Satellite-1(MOS-1),Momo-1 is the Japans first Earth Observation Satellite developed applying the Japans first Earth Observation Satelli
50、te developed applying domestic technologies as a part of Satellite Earth Observation domestic technologies as a part of Satellite Earth Observation Systems for contributing to effective utilization of Earth resources,Systems for contributing to effective utilization of Earth resources,environmental