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1、Words Review,volcano erupt supply typhoonin the open air hurricanesurvive,n. (pl. -oes or -os)火山vi. (岩浆、烟等)喷出 n. 供应（量）；补给；pl. 补给品 vt. 供应；供给n. 台风露天；在户外n. (尤指西大西洋的）飓风vi. 生存；存活vt. 幸存；艰难度过,Describe pictures of disasters,Unit 4 Discovering Useful Structures,1. There were deep cracks that appeared in the
2、well walls.2. Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.3. Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.4. The number of people who were killed
3、 or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.5. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.6. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.,两个简单句：A man is standing there.The man is my brother
4、.,= 主从复合句：The man who is standing there is my brother.,先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词,先行词一般是名词；代词或句子,关系词：引导定语从句的词,一、定语从句的构成,在复合句中，主句中的名词和代词可以由从句来修饰。这种用来修饰主句中的名词和代词的从句就叫做定语从句。,关系代词关系副词,起着代词和连词的作用，在从句中充当主语，宾语或定语,起着副词或介词短语和连词的作用，在从句中充当状语,The man ( who is standing there) is my brother.,关系词的作用：代替前面的先行词在从句中充当一定的成分把两个句子连接
5、起来构成一个复合句,二、关系词的种类,1. The Tangshan earthquake was a terrible experience that my great-grandma can not forget.2. The couple who live next to us volunteered to help after the volcano erupted.3. The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.4. Mr Li is an
6、architect whose designs for the new town have won praise.5. A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador.,常见的关系代词有_,_,_,_和_，常在从句中充当_,_和_。,that,who,which,whose,whom,主语,宾语,定语,(充当 ),(充当 ),(充当 ),(充当 ),(充当 ),宾语,主语,主语,定语,宾语,(1) He likes to read books which are written by fo
7、reign writers. (2) The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.,1. which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。,The boys who are playing football are from Class One.,2. who指人，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）。,(1) The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.(2) The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.,3. whom指人
8、，作宾语 (作宾语可省略，如介词提前则不能省),(1) Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning?(2) The season that/which comes after spring is summer.,4. that指人时，相当于who或whom； 指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。,(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(
9、3) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?,5. whose在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。whose既可指人，也可指物。,关系代词的用法,人；物,物,人,人,(人/物)的,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,不可省,总结：1、 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用 ，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可 ；2、 当先行词指人时，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时可用 ， 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可用 _,并且可 ；3、 当关系代词在定语从句中作定语修饰名词时可用 。,whic
10、h/that,省略,who/that,who/whom/that,省略,whose,I am sure she has something you can borrow.,先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none等不定代词时, 只用that。,Note1,that,This is the first book he has read.,This is the very book belongs to him.,(3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时，只用that。,(4) 先行词被the only,
11、 the very, the same, the last, just, last 修饰时，只用that。,Ive read all the books are not mine.,(2) 先行词指物被all, every, no, some, any, little, few much等修饰时，只用that。,that,that,that,(5) 当主句为以who或which开头的特殊疑问句, 只用that。,(6) 先行词同时包含了人和物时。,Who is the man is standing there?,We talked about the persons and things w
12、e could remember.,that,that,当先行词是one, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those 等, 指人时一般用who, 不用that。,Those want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.,(2) 非限制性定语从句中，指人用who和whom，指物只能用which，不能用that,Football, is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.,Note2,who,w
13、hich,He is the student you want to see.Im looking for a container in I can put all these peaches.,(3)关系代词that, which , whom 在从句中作宾语时可省略掉。但放在介词后面时则不可省略, 而且只能用whom/which。,who, whom, that, 省略,which,This is one of the books which (be) written by Charles Dickens. He is the only one of the boys in our cla
14、ss who (have) learned French.He said he was a Frenchman, which (be) not true.,拓展：定语从句中的主谓一致,were,has,was,关系代词的用法,人；物,物,人,人,(人/物)的,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,不可省,1. 先行词为all， everything，nothing，something，anything，little，much等不定代词,2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰,3. 先行词既有人又有物,4. 先行词被all，every，no，s
15、ome，any，little，much，the only，the very，the last，just，right等修饰,5. 先行词是who或which引导的主句中,先行词是one，ones，anybody，anyone，all，none，those等,一般用that而不用which,一般用who不用that,. 用适当的关系词填空。,1. Do you still remember the earthquake _ happened ten years ago? 2. It is a good choice for tourists _ prefer visiting places of
16、historical interest.3. This is the pilot with _ my brother has worked for ten years.4. Could you please pass me the book _ cover is green? 5. Jackson likes the bike _ his uncle gave him as a birthday gift.,that/which,that/who,whom,whose,that/which,6. The school in _ my sister once studied is very famous.7. Professor Yang is a person from _ I have learned a lot. 8. The boy _ parents are teachers is my classmate.9. Lucy called her brother _ she hadnt seen for five years.10. It is the most interesting story _ I have ever heard.,which,whom,whose,that/whom/who,that,