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1、汉译英常见错误例析第1页，此课件共135页哦n造成汉译英常见错误的原因错综复杂，但究其原因主要有两个：一是运用英语知识的实践能力差，尽管道理和规则记得很熟，但由于练习较少，动笔时容易出错；二是受汉语的影响，常见的错误往往是用英语套用汉语的表达方式、习惯说法和思维模式等。第2页，此课件共135页哦n10.1 生搬硬套型错误生搬硬套型错误n 这类错误就是把汉语的表达意思逐词照搬地直译成英语。第3页，此课件共135页哦n例1欢迎你参加英语角活动。n误：Welcome you to join our English corner activities！n正：You are welcome to joi
2、n our English Corner!n (or:Welcome to join our English Corner!)第4页，此课件共135页哦n例2不要搞一刀切。n误:Do not cut off at one stroke.n正:Do not impose uniformity in all cases.n例2 原文是带有汉语特色的比喻说法，意为“不可不顾实际情况，用一切方法处理问题”。翻译时不可拘泥于原文字句，“对号如座”。第5页，此课件共135页哦n例3我们改革开放的步子要迈得更大一些。n误：Our steps of economic reform and open polic
3、y should be bigger.n正：Take a broader approach to economic reform and opening up.第6页，此课件共135页哦n例4热烈欢迎国内外嘉宾参加贸易洽谈会。n误：Warmly welcome all guests of honor at home and abroad to attend to this symposium!n正：Warm welcome to all honored guests both at home and abroad to attend the Trade Talks!第7页，此课件共135页哦n
4、例5。有空就到我们家来聊天吧。n误：If you are free,please come to our family to have a talk.正：Drop in on us for a chat at any odd moment.第8页，此课件共135页哦n例6我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。n误：Our cause has won victories one after another.n正：We have won one victory after another for our cause.n或译为被动语态：n A series of victories have been won
5、for our cause.第9页，此课件共135页哦n说明：句中cause是没有生命的，而win victories的主语一般是人，二者用在一起，就把cause拟人化了，而这种修饰方法在英文中被视为毛病。原文虽在语法上没有错误，但却不符合英语习惯用法，不是地道的英语。第10页，此课件共135页哦n在用英语表达汉语原文的意思时，时间的先与后，执行者与承受者之间的关系，非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句的主语，比较句的排除与包括，代替词和名词的性与数的一致等等都存在着一个逻辑问题。许多汉译英的错误都属于逻辑性错误。第11页，此课件共135页哦nA时间的先与后不合乎逻辑，例如：n例1对不起，我没有看见你。
6、n误：Sorry I dont see you.n正：Sorry I didnt see you.第12页，此课件共135页哦n例2我不知道你在这儿。n误：I dont know you are here.n正：I didnt know you are here.第13页，此课件共135页哦n例3.从图书馆借来的那本书已找到。n误：The book which was borrowed from the library had been found.n正：The book which had been borrowed from the library was found.第14页，此课件共1
7、35页哦nB.不定式的逻辑主语问题n 虽然不定式没有语法上的主语，但有逻辑主语。不定的n逻辑主语与句子的主语要一致。不定式的语态与逻辑主语有关。逻辑主语是行为的执行者，要用主动不定式；若逻辑主语是行为的承受者，要用被动不定式，如：第15页，此课件共135页哦n例1为了在科研中取得成功，需要坚持不懈。n误：To succeed in a scientific research,persistence is needed.n正：To succeed in a scientific research,one needs to be persistent.n说明：原译中不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一
8、致，改译后句子用主动语态，增补one做主语 第16页，此课件共135页哦例2.要做出决定，你应该考虑各种因素。n误：To make a decision,everything must be taken into consideration.n正：To make a decision,you should take everything into consideration.第17页，此课件共135页哦n例3这本书需要翻译成英语。n误：The book is required to put into English.n正：The book is required to be put into
9、English.第18页，此课件共135页哦n例4他挨了批评真是遗憾。n误：It is a pity for him to have criticized.n正：It is a pity for him to be criticized.n说明：在例3、例4中，不定式的逻辑主语是行为的承受者，故要改用被动不定式。第19页，此课件共135页哦nA.分词的逻辑主语问题n分词的逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相一致,否则 便成为垂悬分词,属于语病。如：第20页，此课件共135页哦n例1看着窗外，他想起了自己的童年。n误：Looking out of the window,thoughts of his ch
10、ildhood came to him.n正：Looking out of the window,he thought of his childhood.第21页，此课件共135页哦n例2老虎在笼子里，因而我不怕。n误：Being in a cage,I was not afraid of it.n正：The tiger being in a cage,I was not afraid of it.第22页，此课件共135页哦n例3从山顶上看下去，这座城市就像个漂亮的花园。n误：Seeing from the top of the hill,the city looks like a beau
11、tiful garden.n正：Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks like a beautiful garden.第23页，此课件共135页哦n例4听到这消息，他满眼是泪。n误:Hearing the news,his eyes were filled with tears.n正：When he heard the news,his eyes were filled with tears.第24页，此课件共135页哦nB.动名词的逻辑主语问题n动名词的逻辑主语若与句中的主语不一致，也属于语病。如 第25页，此课件共135页哦n例1在挤公共
12、车时，我的钱包丢了。n误：On squeezing on to the bus,my wallet was lost.n正：On squeezing on to the bus,I lost my wallet.第26页，此课件共135页哦n例2他大学毕业后，他父亲想让他去美国继续深造。n误：After graduating from college,his father wanted him to pursue his education in America.n正：After he graduated from college,his father wanted him to pursue
13、 his education in America.第27页，此课件共135页哦n例3未接到邀请他就参加了晚会。n误：He attended the party without inviting.n正：He attended the party without being invited.第28页，此课件共135页哦nC.不合乎逻辑的比较n不合乎逻辑的比较指在译成英语的句子中形成了非等同物之间的比较。如：第29页，此课件共135页哦n例1你们班的女生比我们班的更活跃。n误：The girls in your class are more active than our class.n正：The
14、 girls in your class are more active than those in our class.n说明：若不加those,就变成了 girls和 our class比较。第30页，此课件共135页哦n例2这里的气候像北京。n误：The climate here is like Beijing.n正：The climate here is like that of Beijing.n说明：若不加 that,就变成了 climate和 Beijing比较。第31页，此课件共135页哦n例3她的脸圆圆的，跟孩子的一样。n误：Her face is as round as a
15、 child.n正：Her face is as round as a childs(face).第32页，此课件共135页哦n10.2 语法型错误n 语法规律和句型是汉译英必备的基本要素。汉译英中所谓的大错，多半是指语法错误（上节谈的逻辑性错误实际上也是语法错误，只不过是从思维逻辑的角度归了一类而已）。常见的有：名词单复数变化错误；冠词、介词错用漏用；比较级、最高级错用或不一致；主谓关系不一致；主从关系混乱；非谓语动词以及虚拟语气表达错误等等，如：第33页，此课件共135页哦n例1他本来想要多给你一点帮助的，只是他太忙了。n误：He wanted to give you more help,
16、but he has been so busy recently.n正：He would have given you more help,but he has been so busy recently.n说明：根据原文的含义，前半句应译为虚拟语气，后半句译为一般陈述句。第34页，此课件共135页哦n例2许多人不但不植树，反而砍树。n误：Many people not only dont plant trees but also cut trees.n正：Many people dont plant trees,instead,they cut trees.n说明：误译，用错连词，使句子意思
17、面目全非。第35页，此课件共135页哦n例3他养成了大量阅读的习惯，因而在头脑储存了很多有价值的信息。n误：He formed the habit of reading a great deal.Thus storing his mind with much valuable information.n正：He formed the habit of reading a great deal,thus storing his mind with much valuable information.n说明：thus storing.是现在分词语，在句中作结果状语，所以不能把它视为单独的句子。第3
18、6页，此课件共135页哦n例4他们屡战屡败。n误：They fought again and again and they are repeatedly defeated.n正：They are repeatedly defeated although they fought again and again.n说明：原句的重点在“败”，“屡战屡败”之间是让步关系，故用although连接构成主从句。第37页，此课件共135页哦n例5他们刚要走过街角就听到了枪声。n误：They were just turning the corner,when they heard the noise of a
19、 shot.n正：Just as they were turning the corner,they heard the noise of a shot.n说明：句子要表达的主要信息是“听到枪声”，应放在复合句的主句中。第38页，此课件共135页哦n例6要把一个人的情感完全隐藏起来几乎是不可能的。n误：Entirely to conceal ones feelings is almost impossiblen正：To entirely conceal ones feelings is almost impossible.第39页，此课件共135页哦n10.3语义结构型错误n由于容易受到汉语字
20、面说法的干扰，汉译英时要特别重视语义结构（也可称为词语搭配）。有时汉语同一个词要译成英语不同的词语，而有时汉语不同的词语要译成英语的同一个词语。这是由于汉英语义结构不同造成的。比如“吃药”要译成take medicine，“吃奶”要译成suck the breast，“吃苹果”要译成eat an apple。“遇见”有时译成meet，“迎接”有时译成meet，“满足”有时也译成meet，“应付”有时也译成meet，等等。第40页，此课件共135页哦n再如汉语“看”根据其后不同的宾语可能要译成see，look，view，watch，look after，take care of regard，r
21、eckon，consider，think，go to，observe，call on，visit，depend on，mind，bear，treat，perceive，tell，penetrate，notice，catch，read等等。若语义结构（或词语搭配）不当，就会造成误译。如：第41页，此课件共135页哦n例1我能看出你的心事。n误：I can see your mind.n正：I can read your mind.n例2从他的话音里，我能听出东西来。n误：I can hear something from the tone of his voice.n正：I can tell s
22、omething from the tone of his voice.第42页，此课件共135页哦n例3通过不断实践学习英语。n误：Study knowledge of English by constant practice.n正：Acquire knowledge of English by constant practice.n说明：“学习知识”在英文中英说成“获取知识”。动词还可以用attain,get等等。在英语中可以说Acquire knowledge by study.（通过学习获取知识）。第43页，此课件共135页哦n例4我们享受公费医疗。n误：We enjoy free m
23、edical care.n正：We are entitled to free medical care.n说明：从英语的角度看，无论什么样的medical care都不会是“享受”（enjoy），be entitled to.是“有权利，有资格得到什么”的意思。第44页，此课件共135页哦例5我们的当务之急是深化改革。n误：To deepen reform is the most urgent task.n正：To deepen our commitment to reform is the top priority.第45页，此课件共135页哦n例6这个故事发生在上海。n误：The stor
24、y takes place in Shanghai.n正：The story is set in Shanghai.第46页，此课件共135页哦n单从语法上看，上述误译例句似无可挑剔，但均在语义结构上出了毛病。前5个误例是动词和宾语不搭配，最后一个是主语story和谓语take place不搭配。从某中意义上说，掌握英语就是要善于实现英汉两种语义结构的相互转化，这种能力只有通过递归式反复实践（recursive manipulation)才能习得。第47页，此课件共135页哦n10.4 汉译英常见误例选编n汉译英常见错误很多，尤其是语法方面，可谓形形色色。正误对比分析是通过实践掌握英语的主要手
25、段之一。下面误例供参考。第48页，此课件共135页哦n例1昨天晚上我们整晚在看电视。n误：We spent last evening watching the television.n正：We spent last evening watching television.n说明：television是一个不可数名词，不能加冠词，也不能变成复数，但加有set一字时则非加冠词不可。如：She wont leave the television set even though her husband is waiting for his supper.第49页，此课件共135页哦n例2旅行社告诉我们
26、了许多关于夏威夷的情形。n误：The travel agency sent us many informations about the Hawaiian Islands.n正：The travel agency sent us much information about the Hawaiian Islands.n说明：information也是一个不可数名词，不能用复数。第50页，此课件共135页哦n例3假期从明天开始。n误：The vacation begins from tomorrow.n正：The vacation begins tomorrow.第51页，此课件共135页哦n例
27、4这只表的价格很贵。n误：The price of the watch is dear.n正：The watch is dear.(or:The price of the watch is high.)n说明：以物品为主语时用watch或一定价为主语时就用price。第52页，此课件共135页哦n例5旅行我总是坐二等舱。n误：I travel always by the second class.n正：I always travel second class.(or:I always take a second-class car.)第53页，此课件共135页哦n说明:说坐几等舱时不需用介词,
28、若乘坐什么交通工具时才用，如：by train，by boat，by air 之类。在几等的等级前不用定冠词，但把travel改为take时，则要在等级前加不定冠词，等级后加一个名词（如上译例）。此外，take a second-class car已包含“旅行”之意，故没有必要译出“when I travel”。第54页，此课件共135页哦n例6我不想去。他也是。n误：I dont wish to go.So does he.n误：I dont wish to go.Nor does he.n正：I dont wish to go.Neither does he.n说明：nor为连词，neit
29、her为副词。第55页，此课件共135页哦n例7.我不喜欢喝酒。我兄弟也是一样。n误：I dislike to drink.Neither does my brother.n正：I dislike to drink.So does my brother.第56页，此课件共135页哦n例8.那一点是你错了。n误：You have mistaken in that point.n正：You are mistaken on that point.第57页，此课件共135页哦n例9如果战争爆发，我们会变得怎样呢？n误：What shall we become if war breaks out?n正：
30、What shall we become of/happen to us if war breaks out?n说明：动词短语become of=happen to，意为“降临”、“遭遇”，可为汉语的“怎样”解。原文中“我们”是主语，译成英语时改用“what”做主语。第58页，此课件共135页哦n例10昨天晚上我们玩得很愉快。n误：We played very pleasantly last night.n正：We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.nOr:We had a good time last night.第59页，此课件共135页哦例11
31、如果他来，我会尽力为他服务。n误：If he will come,Im glad to do anything I can for him.n正:If he comes,Im glad to do anything I can for him.第60页，此课件共135页哦n例12.王先生是1965年北京大学毕业的。n误：Mr.Wang graduated Peking University in 1965.n正：Mr.Wang graduated at Peking University in 1965.n Or:Mr.Wang graduated from Peking University
32、 in 1965.第61页，此课件共135页哦n例13我习惯于晚睡。n误：I am used to sit up at late at night.n正：I am used to sitting up late at night.n(试比较:I used to sit up late at night.我以前常很迟睡觉(现在睡得早了)。第62页，此课件共135页哦n例14.你喜欢看我收集的邮票吗?n误:Do you like to see my stamp collection?n正:Would you like to see my stamp collection?第63页，此课件共135页
33、哦n例15我在1990年夏天离开纽约。n误：I left New York in the summer 1990.n正：I left New York in the summer of 1990.第64页，此课件共135页哦n例16他正忙着写信。n误：He is busy to write a letter.n正：He is busy writing a letter.第65页，此课件共135页哦n例17我想要一台电脑，但我没钱买。n误：I want a computer,but I cant afford to buy it.n正：I want a computer,but I cant a
34、fford to buy one.第66页，此课件共135页哦n例18那地方像江南三月那么暖和。n误：The place is as warm as March of south of Yangtze River.n正：The place is as warm as south of Yangtze River in March.第67页，此课件共135页哦例19我跟叔父学英语。n误：I studied English from my uncle.n正：I studied English under my unclenor:I learned English from my uncle.nor
35、:I was taught English by my uncle.第68页，此课件共135页哦n例20他的职业是教师。n误：His profession is a teacher.n正：He is a teacher by profession.第69页，此课件共135页哦n例21 我的国籍是中国。n误：My nationality is China.n正：My nationality is Chinese.第70页，此课件共135页哦n例22 我的教授主张我去申请奖学金。n误：My professor suggested me to apply for a scholarship.n正：M
36、y professor suggested that I apply for a scholarship.第71页，此课件共135页哦n例23请立即回信。n误：Please reply this letter early.n正：Please answer this letter early.nor:Please reply to this letter promptly.第72页，此课件共135页哦n例24他从不撒谎。n误：He always says the truth.n正：He always tells/speaks the truth.nor:He never tells a lie.
37、第73页，此课件共135页哦n例25她找警察求救。n误：She ran to the police for getting help.n正：She ran to the police to get help.nor:She ran to the police for help.第74页，此课件共135页哦n例26他的前妻生了两个孩子。n误：He has two children of his former wife.n正：He has two children by his former wife.n说明：by有born to him的意思。第75页，此课件共135页哦n例27她的意见和你的正
38、相反。n误：His opinion is the very opposite to yours.n正：His opinion is the very opposite of yours.n说明：这里用作名词，故接of，若用作形容词，可接to，如：The result was quite opposite to what we had expected.（结果和我们预期的完全相反。）第76页，此课件共135页哦n例28大多数的子女都想要独立，不愿依赖他们的父母。n误：Most children want to be independent to their parents.n正：Most chi
39、ldren want to be independent of their parents.n说明：dependent后跟on，而independent后接of。第77页，此课件共135页哦n例29我把窗子打开一下你不在乎吧？n误：Do you mind if I opened the window?n正：Would you mind if I open the window?nOr:Do you mind my opening the window?第78页，此课件共135页哦n例30她对中学教师讲授教学法。n误：He lectured teaching methods to high sc
40、hool teachers.n正：He lectured to high school teachers on teaching methods/methodology.第79页，此课件共135页哦n例31不久又有新的麻烦发生了。n误：It didnt take long before new troubles arose.n正：It wasnt long before new troubles arose.nOr:It didnt take long for new troubles to arise.第80页，此课件共135页哦n例32我很高兴接受你的邀请。n误：It gives me m
41、uch pleasure in accepting your invitation.n正：It gives me much pleasure to accept your invitation.nI have much pleasure in accepting your invitation.第81页，此课件共135页哦nI take great pleasure in accepting your invitation.n说明：take great pleasure=greatly enjoy.如说Have the pleasure则后不接in而接of，如 I have the pleas
42、ure of accepting your invitation.也是通的，不过此种语法多用于下类句中:第82页，此课件共135页哦nMay I have the pleasure of taking a glass of wine with you?nI once have the pleasure of being introduced to you.nI am sorry I cannot have the pleasure of accompanying you today.nI hope you will give me the pleasure of dining with me
43、at 8 oclock tomorrow evening at my place.nThere are many famous men whom I have not yet had the pleasure of meeting so far.第83页，此课件共135页哦n例33他给了我一张五百美元的支票。n误：He gave me a check of 500.n正：He gave me a check for 500.第84页，此课件共135页哦n例34他呼吸有大蒜味道。n误：His breath smells with garlic.n正：His breath smells of ga
44、rlic.n说明：又例如，“这咖啡有点大蒜味道”不可译为This coffee has a garlic taste.应译为This coffee tastes of garlic.第85页，此课件共135页哦n例35错误显然是在你那边。n误：The fault clearly lies at your side.n正：The fault clearly lies with your side.n不及物动词后可接各种的介词含义各有不同，如：第86页，此课件共135页哦n1Sheets of paper lie about the room.纸张撒满一地。n2The village lies a
45、cross the river.村庄在河的对岸。n3Accusation of theft lay against him.有人控告他犯盗窃罪。n4The path lies along a stream.小路沿溪。第87页，此课件共135页哦n5The hot springs lie among pretty scenery.温泉所在之处风光明媚。n6The blame lies at his door.是他错了。n7A happy future lies before you.幸福就在你的前面。n8What mystery lay behind the disappearance of t
46、he girl?少女失踪的后面潜在着什么秘密？第88页，此课件共135页哦n9The truth lies between extremes.真理存在两个极端之间。n10He has the manuscripts lying by him for the next number.下一期的原稿在他那里。n11The charm of travel lies in its new experiences.旅行的妙处在于新奇的经验。第89页，此课件共135页哦n12The book lies on the floor.书在地上。n13A white mist lay over London.伦敦被
47、白雾所笼罩。n14The person lies under the suspicion of corruption.那人有受贿的嫌疑。n15.The ship is lying off the mouth of the river.船停在河口以外。第90页，此课件共135页哦n16The choice lies with you.任你选择。n“lie with”：“是.的义务”，“是的责任”，例如：n17It lies with you to decide.决定的责任在你。（你有义务来做决定。取决于你。）n18It lies with you to decide or reject the
48、proposal.接受或拒绝那个建议就全看你了。n19The fault does not lie with the government officials.责任不在政府官员。第91页，此课件共135页哦n例36那房间是用电力照明的。n误：The room is lighted with electricity.n正：The room is lighted by(means of)electricity.n The room is lighted with electric lamps.n说明：用于无形的手段要用by，与抽象名词连用；但用于有形的手段用with，与普通名词连用。为electr
49、icity抽象名词，为electric lamps普通名词。第92页，此课件共135页哦n例37我刚把它写完了。n误：I have written it just now.n正：I have just written it.n I wrote it just now.第93页，此课件共135页哦n例38我在下星期天去那里。n误：I will go there Sunday next.n正：I will go there next Sunday.n I will go there on Sunday next.n说明：凡last,next等词用于星期、年、月、之前时，可将介词略去，用在那些词后面
50、，就须加上介词。第94页，此课件共135页哦n例39他称赞他妹妹的勤快。n误：He praised his sisters diligence.n正：He praised his sister for her diligence.第95页，此课件共135页哦n例40一个月有500元就够生活了。n误：Five hundred yuan a month is enough to live.n正：Five hundred yuan a month is enough to live on.n说明：live是不及物动，后加介词on，意为“以（某种收入、金钱）为生”。第96页，此课件共135页哦n例41