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1、英文写作多媒体课件第1页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Manuscript Format and PunctuationwManuscript Format wPunctuation第2页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Manuscript FormatwPageswCapitalizationwWord Division第3页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Pages wOn one side onlywSkip every other linew3cm margin topw2cmleft,right,bottomw 2cm indentationw2 lines betwe
2、en title and the bodywCapitalize words in the title第4页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Capitalization wFirst word of every sentencewThe first and the last words in the titles,and all the other words(including words following hyphens)except articles,coordinating conjunctions(and,or,but,for,etc.),short prepositions,
3、and the to in infinitives,e.g.第5页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二CapitalizationwTitles before nameswDays,months,holidayswKinship terms第6页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Word DivisionwDivide words between syllables,Divide between double letters,prefix/suffix and the stem:bet-ter,be-forewDivide hyphenated words at the hyphen,The
4、 hyphen is put at the end,not at the beginning of a line wNot to divide proper nameswDont divide words in a misleading way第7页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Dont leave a single letter at the endbeginning of a lineDont leave a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a lineDont divide more than 2lines in succession
5、Dont divide the last word of a paragraph/page,write the whole on the next page第8页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Italics(=underline)wTo state a examplewTo emphasize words,phrases,sentenceswTitles of books,newspapers,films,TV programs,plays(书里某一篇文章的题目用引号)wTo indicate foreign words第9页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Punctuation w
6、Period.wQuestion mark?wExclamation mark!wComma,wSemicolon;wColon:wParentheses()wBracketswDashwSlash/wQuotation marks“”wApostrophewHyphen-wEllipsis points第10页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Period wTo end a sentencewUsed after initials and abbreviations(e.g.)第11页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Question mark wUsed after a direct
7、 questionwAfter a declarative sentence/a sentence fragment that function as a question(e.g.)第12页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Exclamation markwTo show strong feelingswAfter an interrogative sentence when an irony or emphatic tone is more important than the question.(e.g.)第13页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Comma wSeparate co
8、ordinate clauses(分隔并列从句)wseparate adverbial element(e.g.3种情况)wSeparate three or more items in a serieswSeparate conjunctive adverbs(分隔连接副词)wSeparate parenthetical elements or appositive(分隔插入语或同位语)wOther uses（e.g.）第14页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Semicolon wLink 2 closely related independent clauses that are no
9、t joined by coordinate conjunctions(e.g.)wBefore a conjunctive adverb that connects the 2 clauses(e.g.)wUsed in a series between terms that already contain internal punctuation(e.g.)第15页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Colon wTo explain,illustrate,restate,amplify or summarize(e.g.)wTo introduce a series or a long
10、list(e.g.)wTo introduce a quotation 第16页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Parentheses wTo provide examples,exclamations,definitions,or supplementary informationwTo enclose bibliographical references,cross references and in-text referenceswTo enclose numbers/letters for enumeration第17页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Brackets wTo
11、enclose the editorial explanations/corrections within the quoted materialwTo function as parentheses within the parentheses第18页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Dash wTo indicate the sudden change in thought or in the structure of the sentencewTo make an interruption/suspension in the flow of thoughtwTo explain,amp
12、lify,summarizewSpecial uses(e.g.)第19页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Quotation markswTo enclose direct quotationwWords directly taken from other sourceswWords used with special meaningwEnclose title of essays,poems,articles,short stories,songs wAround words,phrase,letters used as the subject of discussion or arou
13、nd a word referred to as a word instead of for its meaningwNicknames or words used ironicallywThe place where other punctuations are put when used with“”(e.g.8-10)第20页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Apostrophe wTo indicate the possessive case of nouns/indefinite pronounswTo indicate a contraction/omission of lett
14、ers wTo form plurals of numbers,letters,abbreviations and words referred to as words.第21页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Hyphen wTo link elements in compound wordswUsed with prefixeswTo divide letters/syllables to produce the effect of stammering,sobbing,or hesitating in speechwTo mark the word division第22页，共77页，
15、编辑于2022年，星期二Ellipsis pointswTo indicate the omission wTo indicate incomplete statements,hesitation in speech,or interruptions in thought 第23页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Words and rhetorical deviceswUsing appropriate wordswUsing appropriate rhetorical devices第24页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二WordswTypes of wordswMeanings
16、of wordswChoice of words第25页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Types of wordswCommon words,technical words,and nonstandard wordswIn terms of stylistic effect:formal words,informal wordswCommendatory words and derogatory wordswAbstract words and concrete wordswNative words and foreign wordswSynonyms and antonymswGene
17、ral and specific words(e.g.)第26页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Formal and informal wordswFormal words are also called“big”words,mainly appear in formal writing,such as scholarly,theoretical,and political works,etc.(e.g.)wInformal words are also known as common words,they appear in all kinds of writingwColloquial
18、 words are mainly used in conversation(e.g.)第27页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Distinguish synonyms wIn the shade of meaning,thats in degree(e.g.)wIn emotional colorwIn formalitywIn collocation第28页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Meaning of wordswDenotation,as defined by the dictionarywConnotation,the feeling or the idea sugge
19、sted by the word(e.g.)第29页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Choice of words:dictionwDiction is decided by the purpose,the topic and the intended audiencewCommon/informal words:general purpose formal/nonstandard words:special purposewSpecific/concrete words:giving details general/abstract words:making summarieswUse
20、idiomatic words and expressionswUse exact words that best suit the content and stylewAvoid clichs第30页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Rhetorical deviceswSimilewMetaphorwMetonymywSynecdochewTransferred epithetwPersonificationwPun wHyperbolewunderstatementwIronywParadoxwOxymoronwEuphemismwParallelismwAntithesiswClim
21、ax and anticlimaxwRhetorical questions第31页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二SimilewDefinition:an explicit comparison between two or more things which are essentially different but have at least one property or characteristic in commonwUsually introduced by:like,as,asas,as if,as though,etcwCommon form:A is like B(e.
22、g.)第32页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二MetaphorwDefinition:a comparison which is not explicitly stated,instead,it is implied or condensedwCommon form:A is B.(e.g.)wOther forms(e.g.)wTypes and examples 第33页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二MetonymywDefinition:substitution of the name of A for that of B with which it is closely as
23、sociatedwTypes and examples第34页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二SynecdochewDefinition:a substitution of the part for the whole and the whole for the partwExamples第35页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Transferred epithetwDefinition:transferring an adjective or descriptive phrase from the noun it should modify to another word assoc
24、iated with that nounwExample 第36页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二PersonificationwDefinition:to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualitieswFunction:to make description more vivid and more impressivewExamples第37页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二PunwDefinition:a play on the form and meaning of wordswFuncti
25、on:it is amusing and can make the writing more colorfulwExamples第38页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二HyperbolewDefinition:a deliberate overstatement or fanciful exaggerationwFunction:to achieve emphasiswExamples第39页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Understatement wDefinition:deliberately understating a factwExamples第40页，共77页，编辑于2
26、022年，星期二Irony wDefinition:use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant or intendedwFunction:emphatic and amusingwExamples 第41页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Paradox wDefinition:use a seemingly self-contradictory and absurd statement or proposition to express something which is true,well-founded or su
27、ccinctwExamples 第42页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Oxymoron wDefinition:a compressed paradoxwExamples 第43页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Euphemism wDefinition:substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for the offensive or unpleasant onewTopic for substitution:illness,death,old age,toilet habits,etc.wExamples 第44
28、页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Parallelism wDefinition:to employ the deliberate arrangement of a succession of parallel construction to achieve emphasiswExamples 第45页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Antithesis wDefinition:to arrange contrasting words or ideas deliberately in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasiswExamp
29、les 第46页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Climax and anticlimaxwClimax:to arrange a succession of thought according to the rate of significance or intensity,in an ascending order(e.g.)wAnticlimax:to arrange in a descending order(e.g.)第47页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Rhetorical questionswDefinition:a self-evident question whic
30、h seldom demands an explicit answerwFunction:to express the indignation or astonishment,to express strong feelingswExamples 第48页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Writing correct and appropriate sentenceswTypes of sentenceswWrong and inappropriate sentences structurewWord order and emphasis of sentenceswContent-orie
31、nted sentences第49页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Types of sentenceswClassified according to function:declarative,interrogative,imperative,exclamatorywClassified according to structure:simple,compound,complex,compound-complexwClassified according to length:long and short (the use of long and short sentences)wClas
32、sified according to rhetoric:loose散句,periodic圆周句,and balanced sentences第50页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Wrong and inappropriate sentences structurewComplete sentences,minor sentences and sentence fragmentswRun-on sentences,comma splices and comma faultswChoppy sentenceswMisplaced and dangling modifierswPronoun
33、 referencewUnnecessary shifts第51页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Sentences fragmentswDefinition:a sequence of words that has no subject or predicate but is used as a sentencewCompared with minor sentences(legitimate sentence fragments)wWays to correct sentence fragments(e.g.)第52页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Run-on sentences
34、wDefinition:two or more complete thoughts(or independent clauses)that are run together without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.wTow other forms:comma splices and comma faultswWays to correct them(e.g.)第53页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Choppy sentenceswDefinition:disconnected jerky sentenceswe
35、xamples第54页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Misplaced modifierswMisplaced modifiers:a modifier appears so far from what it is supposed to modify,this in turn would change the sense,or even make it ridiculous.wTypes and ways to correct it(e.g.)第55页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Dangling modifierswDefinition:it is a group of wor
36、ds that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.wTypes and ways to correct it(e.g.)第56页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Pronoun referencewFaulty pronoun reference:it arises when a pronoun has more than one possible antecedent,when its antecedent is implied or unspecified,or when it has no ante
37、cedent at all.wTypes(e.g.)第57页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Unnecessary shiftswDefinition:it is a sudden and inexplicable shift in the point of view used by the writer.It will lead to confusion.wTypes and ways to correct it(e.g.)第58页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Word orderwA relatively fixed sentence order:subject+predicat
38、e verb+(object/complement)the adverbial is mobilewTopic-heavy and End focus第59页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Sentence emphasiswPostponement:the new information,the most important point lies in the end and achieves emphasiswFronting:other sentence element(except the subject)takes the beginning place of a sentenc
39、ewEmphatic sentences:use different sentence typeswEmphasis within sentences:change the normal word order,the part of speech,the voice第60页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Content-Oriented SentenceswUnitywCoherencewConcisenesswClaritywvariety第61页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二UnitywDefinition:one and only one unified thoughtwFiv
40、e implications:first,second,third,fourth,and five.wWays to achieve unity:Subordination and coordination(e.g.)第62页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二CoherencewDefinition:the natural flow in sense and the reasonable connectionwWays to achieve coherence:by the use of conjunctions;thee use of the information structure;t
41、he thematic structure,etc.wAvoid incoherence:choppy sentences,ambiguous reference,misplaced or dangling modifiers,and confusing shifts,etc.第63页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二ConcisenesswDefinition:saving unnecessary wordswBe careful of the use of expletives(填充词):it and therewAvoid redundancy(e.g.)第64页，共77页，编辑于20
42、22年，星期二ClaritywWays to achieve clarity:use definite,special and concrete language rather than general,vague and abstract language.第65页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二varietywDifferent types of sentences express different ideas and suit different purposes.wThe choice of sentence types and patterns is determined by
43、 the content and the context.wSentence variety(e.g.)第66页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Developing paragraphswTopic sentence and transition in paragraphswStrategies for paragraph development第67页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Topic sentencewDefinition:a sentence that tells the main idea of a paragraph.wIt can appear or be impl
44、ied in a paragraph.wIt can be placed at the beginning,at the end,in the middle,or both at the beginning and the end.第68页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Controlling ideawHelps the reader to see the main idea of the paragraph and keeps the writer adhering to the topic.wWays to help with the writing of a controlling
45、 idea in a topic sentence:make the controlling idea really state the topic to be developed as specific as possible and make sure that the controlling idea will break down into the right number of parts to be written about in a paragraph.第69页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Transition wTo join one sentence or a par
46、agraph smoothly with another.wHelps the reader follow the movement of an idea from one sentence or paragraph to the next.wCan be a sentence within a paragraph,a sentence at the beginning of a paragraph or a single transitional paragraph(short and often consists of one sentence).第70页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期
47、二Transition deviceswPronoun preferencewRepetition of key words or ideas:to link sentences and provide emphasiswRestatement of a subject in different words:to be varied in style and avoid monotonywParallel structure第71页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Transitional words and phraseswListingwAlteration and additionwC
48、omparisonwContrastwPositionwTimewPurposewCause and resultwSummationwRepetitionwIllustrationwEmphasiswReflect attitude第72页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Strategies for paragraph developingwParagraph development by listingwBy processwBy time and spacewBy exampleswBy cause and effectwBy comparison and contrastwBy d
49、efinitionwBy classificationwBy various means第73页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Writing for practical purposeswLetterswNoticeswGreeting messageswNoteswCurriculum vitaewApplications第74页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二LetterswTypes of letterswFormat of a letterwAddressing envelopes第75页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Format of a letterwThe headingwThe datewThe inside addresswThe salutationwThe reference/subject headingwThe body wThe complimentary closewThe signaturewThe postscriptwThe enclosurewExample第76页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二Curriculum vitaewSome regulations for a good resume第77页，共77页，编辑于2022年，星期二