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1、关于动词不定式第1页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日不不定定式式定定义义:由由to+动动词词原原形形构构成成。不不定定式式是是一一种种非非限限定定性性动动词词。而而非非限限定定动动词词是是指指那那些些在在句句中中不不能能单单独独充充当当谓谓语语的的动动词词,可可分分为为不不定定式式,动动名名词词,现现在在分分词词和和过过去去分分词词。“动动词词不不定定式式”由由动动词词+不不定定式式构构成成。动动词词不不定定式式在在句句中中可可以以作作句句子子除除谓谓语语之之外外的的任任何何句句子子成成分分。动动词词不不定定式式的的被被动动形形式式除除了了一一般般形形式式外还有其完成式和进行式。外还有其完成式和进
2、行式。第2页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日时态、语态时态、语态:介绍介绍动词不定式可以作各种成分除了谓语,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语,其形式如下:第3页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日1)语态语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:Its a great honour to be inv
3、ited to Marys birthday party.(不定式作主语是被动语态(不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请)是被邀请)It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)(不定式作主语)I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不(不定式作宾语)定式作宾语)Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作(不定式作定语定语)He went to the hospital to be examined.(不(
4、不定式作定式作状语状语)第4页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日在在There be结构中,修饰结构中,修饰主语主语的不定式可的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things to take care of(to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:如:There is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.)There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)第
5、5页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日(2)时态时态1)现在时:现在时:一般现在时一般现在时表示的动词,有时与表示的动词,有时与谓语动词谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.=I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再我希望再见到你。见到你。2)完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much tro
6、uble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)进行时进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成进行时完成进行时:She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.一般在情绪后加一般在情绪后加to do to do 也表将来也表将来 第6页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日不定式的完成式不定式的完成式不定式的完成时表达下列意义:不定式的完成时表达下列意义:a.
7、不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。词所表示的动作之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,让你久对不起,让你久等了。(等了。(to have kept发生在发生在I am sorry所表示的时间所表示的时间之前)之前)She is said to have just completed a novel.据说她据说她刚完成一部小说。(刚完成一部小说。(to have just completed a novel发生在发生在She is said所表示的时间之前)所表示的时间之前)
8、第7页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日b.用在用在intended,expected,meant,hoped,promised,planned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等词后,不定式的完成式表示未曾实现的等词后,不定式的完成式表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have+过去过去分词表示动作,分词表示动作,to have been表示状态。表示状态。I meant to have done the work before Sunday.我我本想星期天前完成这项工作。(没完成)本想星期天前完成这项工作。(没完成)I
9、 was to have been a doctor.我本打算当个医生。我本打算当个医生。(没当成)(没当成)I intended to have come to see you.我本打算来看你我本打算来看你的。的。(但没来但没来)第8页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日C.用在用在seem,appear,thing,consider,believe等后,等后,表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生。表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生。I seem to have seen her somewhere before.以前我好以前我好像在那见过她。(像在那见过她。(see在在seem之前发生)之前发生)He wa
10、s believed to have been a reporter.都认为都认为他从前干过记者。他从前干过记者。比较:比较:She seems to have been ill.=It seems that she has been ill.她似乎病了。她似乎病了。She seemed to have been ill.=It seemed that she had been ill.她似乎过去生过病。她似乎过去生过病。第9页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日d.在在should(would)like 或或should(would)have like后用不定式完成后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望
11、。式表示没有实现的愿望。I should like to have gone with her.我多我多么愿意和她一起去。(但没去)么愿意和她一起去。(但没去)I would like to have seen her face when she read the letter.我真想见到她读信时的我真想见到她读信时的表情。(但没看到)表情。(但没看到)第10页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日语法功能语法功能:1 不定式作宾语1)动词+不定式 afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,come,dare,dem
12、and,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish,undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。第11页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日2)动词动词+不定式;动词不定式;动词+宾语宾语+不定式不定式ask,beg,choose,ex
13、pect,hate,help intend like,love,need prefer,prepare,promise,want,wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。件东西都保持整洁。第12页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日3)动词动词+疑问词疑问词+to decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tellPlease show us how to do that.请演示给我们如请演示给我们
14、如何去做。何去做。注意注意疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。如:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。如:The question is how to put it into practice.问题是问题是怎样把它付诸实施。怎样把它付诸实施。第13页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日2.不定式作补语不定式作补语1)动词动词+宾语宾语+不定式不定式(to do)advise,allow,appoint,believe,cause,challenge,command,compel,consider,declare,drive,enable,encourage,find,forbid,
15、force,guess,hire,imagine,impel,induce,inform,instruct,invite,judge,know,like,order,permit,persuade,remind,report,request,require,select,send,state,suppose,tell,think,train,trust,understand,urge,warnFather will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。第14页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日2)to+be 的不定式结
16、构,作补语的动词。的不定式结构,作补语的动词。acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称声称),discover,fancy(设想设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解理解),show,suppose,take(以为以为),understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。上最好的学生之一。第15页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日3)to be+形
17、容词形容词seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意人们认为这本书没什么意思。思。第16页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日4)there be+不定式不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWe didnt expect
18、there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意注意有些动词需用有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。亲。第17页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日3.不定式作主语不定式作主语1)Its easy(for me)to
19、do that.我做这事我做这事太容易了。太容易了。easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enoughIts necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。候,锁车是有必要的。第18页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日2)Its very kind
20、 of you to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。他帮助我们,他真好。kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的自私的)It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。何东西,这显得太自私了。第19页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日注意注意1)其他系动词如,其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型等也可用于此
21、句型2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用用It is to的句型的句型(对对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。百闻不如一见。(错错)It is to believe to see.Its for sb.和和 Its of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossib
22、le等:等:Its very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学对他来说学两门外语是很难的。两门外语是很难的。第20页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。Its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我,你真你来帮助我,你真是太好了。是太好了。for 与与of 的辨别方法的辨别方法用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形
23、容词作表用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用,不通则用for。如:如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用通顺,所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)第21页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日4.不定式作表语不定式作表语不定式可放在不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例动词后面,形成表语。例如:如:My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.第22页,讲稿共5
24、1张,创作于星期日5.不定式作定语不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:如:I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.第23页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日6.不定式作状语不定式作状语不定式作状语时,常表示目的、结果、原因、条件等,通常放在它所修饰的动词之后。表目的不定式作目的状语时,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,一般放在句子后部。但如要表示强调,也可以位于句首,前面可加in order,不定式作目的状语时其否定必须用in order not+不定式,或so
25、as not 不定式。in order to 引出的不定式可置于句首或句中,so as not不定式不能放在句首,只能放在句中。He stopped to have a rest.他停下来休息。(目的)To search for gold,many people went to California.为了寻找金子,许多人去了加利福尼亚。(目的)第24页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日表示结果A few days later he came back only to find that the troop had left.他几天后回来,发现部队已经离开了。(不定式动作后发生)She tried t
26、o kill herself only to be saved.她企图自杀,后来被救了。(常代only 一词表明是结果)第25页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日a.形容词如right,polite,crazy,generous,good,greedy,kind,selfish,silly,splendid,nice,unselfish,unkind等对人进行表扬或批评,后接不定式表示结果,不定式的逻辑主语也就是句子主语。He is very polite to show us the way.他很有礼貌给我们指路。He is silly to say so.他这么说太傻了。第26页,讲稿共51张,
27、创作于星期日b.不定式和only连用,表示未预料到的结果。He woke up only to find himself famous.他一觉醒来,竟发现自己成名了。The thief broke into the house only to find it empty.小偷闯进屋子,却发现是空的。c.在so as to,such as to,enough to等结构中的不定式皆表示结果。He is too young to join the army.他太年轻了,不能参军。He is so careless as to forget his pen.她太粗心了,以至于把钢笔忘了带。d.“to
28、o to”表示结果意为:太而不能,但有时不含否定意义。He is too excited to sleep.他太激动了,不能入睡。(否定)第27页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日表示原因,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。表示原因,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。She wept to see him in such a terrible state.她看到他这种可怕的样子就哭了。The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn the death of Lincoln.听到林肯去逝的消息,全国都沉浸在悲痛之中。表示条件表示条件动词不定式有时也可以表示条件,一般置于句首,否定
29、不定式表示条件多置于句尾,这时谓语动词常含有will,shall,should,would,can,must等。To hear him talk,you would think he owned the whole world.要是听他讲话,你会认为整个世界都是他的。One would be careless not to see the mistake.如果一个人看不到自己的缺点他就会疏忽大意。第28页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日表示伴随表示伴随这种情况不定式常以独立结构出现。They divided the work,John to wash the vegetables and Mary
30、 to cook the meal.他们做了分工,约翰洗菜;玛丽做饭。A number of students sat around the professor,some to ask questions,some to discuss among themselves.一些学生围着教授坐,有的问问题,有的自己讨论。6.表明说话人的态度,表明说话人的态度,在句中作独立成分在句中作独立成分。To tell the truth,this all Greek to me.说实话,我对此一窍不通。第29页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日除此之外还有:to be brief 简而言之、to be exact
31、 精确的说、to be frank with you老实对你说、to be plain 老实说、to put it straight直截了当、to bring the story short长话短说、to return to my subject言归正传、to change the subject换一个话题、to use his own words用自己的话说、to make matter worse更糟的是、to give him his due公正地说、strange to say奇怪地说、to say nothing of姑且不讲、to conclude总之、to crown all更好
32、(坏)的是、to be honest直率地说、to start/begin with首先、to do him justice说句公道话、to sum up总之,总而言之等。这些短语大都位于句首,偶尔位于句中或句尾,需要用逗号和其他成分隔开。但表示“更不用说”的几个短语一般要放在句尾,如to say nothing of,not to say,not to mention,not to speak of,let alone,much less,much more 等第30页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日3)表原因表原因Im glad to see you.典型例题典型例题The chair loo
33、ks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A.sit B.sit on C.be seat D.be sat on答案:答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于形容词形容词+动词不定式动词不定式结构的末尾。结构的末尾。第31页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日用作介词的用作介词的toto 有两种用法:一为不定式有两种用法:一为不定式+动词原形;动词原形;一为介词一为介词+名词名词/动名词动名词,to 在下面的用法中在下面的用
34、法中是第二种,即是第二种,即to+名词名词/动名词:动名词:admit to承承认,认,confess to承认,承认,be accustomed to 习惯于,习惯于,be used to 习惯于,习惯于,stick to 坚坚持,持,turn to开始,着手于,开始,着手于,devote oneself to 献身于,献身于,be devoted to 致力于,致力于,look forward to 盼望,盼望,pay attention to 第32页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日注意注意省省to 的动词不定式的动词不定式 1)情态动词情态动词(除除ought 外,外,ought to):
35、2)使役动词使役动词 let,have,make:3)感官动词感官动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补,省略等后作宾补,省略to。第33页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日注意注意在被动语态中则在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。不能省掉。I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather
36、,had better:5)Why/why not:6)help 可带可带to,也可不带,也可不带to,help sb(to)do sth:7)but和和except:but前是动词前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。的动词不定式。8)由由and,or和和than连接的两个不定式,第二个连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:可以省去:9)通常在通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后,可以省等词后,可以省去去to be:He is supposed(to be)nice.他应该是个好人。举例:他应
37、该是个好人。举例:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较:比较:He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.第34页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日典型例题典型例题1)-I usually go there by train.-Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try going B.trying to g
38、o C.to try and go D.try going答案:答案:D.why not 后面接不带后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选的不定式,因此选D。2)Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning 答案:答案:B.make后接不带后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。不可省略。第35页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日动词不定式的否定式动词不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the wind
39、ow She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候,她假装没看见。我走过的时候,她假装没看见。典型例题典型例题1)Tell him _ the window.A.to shut not B.not to shut C.to not shut D.not shut答案:答案:B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.第36页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日不定式的特殊句型不定式的特殊句型tooto1)tooto 太太以至于以至于He is too excited to spea
40、k.他太激动了,说不出话来。他太激动了,说不出话来。-Can I help you?需要我帮忙吗需要我帮忙吗?-Well,Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2)如在如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为为不太不太。Its never too late to mend.(谚语
41、谚语)改过不嫌晚。改过不嫌晚。3)当当too 前面有前面有only,all,but时,意思是:非常时,意思是:非常 等于等于very。第37页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日不定式的特殊句型不定式的特殊句型so as to1)表示目的;它的否定式是表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点轻点进去,别惊醒
42、了婴儿。进去,别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to-劳驾劳驾Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?劳劳驾,现在几点了。驾,现在几点了。第38页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日动名词与不定式动名词与不定式1)动名词与不定式的区别:动名词与不定式的区别:动名词表达的是:动名词表达的是:状态,性质,心境,抽状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的象,经常性,已发生的不定式表达的是:不定式表达的是:目的,结果,原因,具目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的体,一次性,将发生的2)接不定式或动名词,意义相同。接不定式或动名词,意义相同。第39页,讲
43、稿共51张,创作于星期日3)动名词与不定式语义不同的有动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:组:stop to do stop doing forget to do forget doing remember to do remember doing cease to do cease doing try to do try doing go on to do go on doing afraid to do afraid doing interested to do interested doing mean to do mean doing regret to do regret doing
44、 begin/start to do begin/start doing 第40页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日不定式与介词不定式与介词“to”区别区别 一为不定式一为不定式+动词原形;动词原形;一为介词+名词动名词,to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+名词/动名词:admit to承认,confess to承认,be accustomed to 习惯于,be used to 习惯于,stick to 坚持,turn to开始,着手于,devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致力于,look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意 介
45、词介词but,except,besides+to do(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.第41页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第42页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第43页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第44页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第45页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第46页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第47页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第48页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日第49页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日Find用法用法第50页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日感感谢谢大大家家观观看看9/26/2022第51页,讲稿共51张,创作于星期日