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1、精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -专题 1 动词的时态和语态素核心考点精析.动词时态的核心考点 1 . 一般现在时考点分析(1) 表示客观事实或普遍真理( 不受时态限制 ) ;Time and tide wait for no man.(2) 表示现状.性质.状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示常常或习惯性的动作,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用;They always care for each other and help each other. 表示知觉.态度.感情.某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see ,hear ,smell ,
2、taste , feel , notice , agree , believe , like , hate , want , think , belong to , seem 等; Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.(4) 在时间.条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时;但要留意由 if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall 或 will 表 意愿 ,但不表示时态;If you will accept my invitation and come to our part
3、y, my family will be pleased. 少数用于表示起止或转移的动词如 come、 go 、 leave , arrive , fly 、 return , start 、 begin , open , close , end ,stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定.方案或支配要发 生的动作;当 be 表示依据时间或事先支配确定会显现的状态时,只用一般现在时;The shop closes at 11:00 p .m.every day. Tomorrow is Wedn esday.2. 一般过去时考点分析(1) 一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的事情.动作
4、或状态,常与表示过去详细的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境示意) ;用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原先没有料到.想到或期望的事通常用过去式;We met her in the street yesterday.When he was young, he took cold baths regularly.(2) 假如从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时;1第 1 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -He told me he read an in ter
5、est ing no vel last ni ght.(3) 表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时;如:but , and , when、 as soon as, immediately, the moment , the minute等;He bought a watch but lost it.The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.(4) 常用一般过去时的句型;Why didn t you think of that. Ididn t notice it.I forgot to tell
6、 you I had been there with my brother before.I didn t recognize him.3一般将来时考点分析(1) 表示将来的动作或状态,常用 will/shall 动词原形, 常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow ,next week等;We will have a meeting tomorrow.(2) 表示一种趋向或习惯动作;We ll d ie without air or water.(3) 表示趋向行为的动词如come , go , start , begin , leave 等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时;The s
7、tudents are leaving on Sunday.(4) be going to do, will/shall do,be to do,be about to do的用法及区分:be going to do表示现在准备在最近或将来要做某事,这种准备往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种预备; shall/will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时暂时作出的打算;be going to表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will 就能,表意愿;If it is fine、 we II go fish in g.VIf it is fine、 we are going to go fish
8、in g.xbe to do表按方案.支配即将发生的动作,仍可表示嘱咐.命令.禁止.可能性等;A meeting is to be heId at 3: 00 o cIock this afternoon.be about to do表示“即将,刚要”,后面不能接时间状语或状语从句;Autumn harvest is about to start. 4现在进行时考点分析2第 2 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -(1) 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不肯定为发生在讲话时正在进行的动作
9、;表近期特定的支配或方案;go、come等表示移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时;与 always、 often 等频度副词连用,表常常反复的行动或某种感情颜色;She is teaching English and learning Chinese. He is working on a paper.I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight. We are leaving on Friday.The girl is always talking loud in public.(2) 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时;表示心理状态.情感的动词:like 、 love 、hate 、ca
10、re 、remember 、 believe 、 want 、 mi nd 、 wish ,agree , mean , need 等 ;表存在状态的动词:appear, exist , lie , remain, seem , belong to等;表示行为结果的动词:allow , accept , permit , promise, admit , complete等;表示感官的动词:see , hear , notice , feel , smell , sound , taste , look 等 ;5过去完成时考点分析(1) 常用过去完成时的几种情形;在 by , by the e
11、nd, by the time, until , before , since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中;By the end of last year, we had produced 20、000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.表 示 未 曾 实 现 的 希 望 . 打 算 . 意 图 . 诺 言 等 ; 常 用 hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式,即:hoped/planned.
12、to have done;“时间名词 + before ”在句中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时; 时间名词 + ago ”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去时;He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.在 hardly/scarcely.when., no sooner.than.句式中,主句常用过去完成时,表示“一 . .就 . ;当hardly 、scarcely 、no sooner置于句首时,其后要用部分倒装;Wehad no sooner be
13、en seated than the bus started.= No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.(2) 在 before 或 after 引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去完成时;3第 3 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -After he (had) left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed.6过去将来时考点分析过去将来时表示从过去
14、的观点来估计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常为一般过去时;He always said that he would study hard at that time.7过去进行时考点分析过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态;He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.4第 4 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -8现在完成时考点分析(1) 现在完成时除可以和for , since 引导的状
15、语连用外,仍可以和下面的介词短语连用:during/in/over the last(past) few years(months up to now等;(2) 以下句型中常用现在完成时;It is(has been)一段时间since 从句 This(That/It) is the first(second.) time that This(That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting., weeks) , in recent years, so far ,现在完成时 that 现在完成时(3) 在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替将来完成时
16、;I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. Don t get off the bus until it has stopped.9留意几组时态的区分(1) 一般过去时与现在完成时:时间上有差异:凡有过去时间的均用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时,如含有ago 、last year , just now, the other day等;结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的为对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现
17、在刚完成或仍在连续;一般过去时强调的为动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系;(2) 过去完成时与一般过去时:过去完成时强调的为“过去的过去”;如显现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓” )形式就只用一般过去时即可;.动词被动语态的核心考点动词的被动语态的构成方式:be +过去分词,口语中也用“ get/become+过去分词”表示;被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者为谁时用被动语态;强调或突出动作的承担者常用被动语态(by 短语有时可以省略);1使用被动语态时应留意的几个问题;(1) 主动变为被动时双宾语的变化;My friend gave me an interesting book
18、 on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.(2) 主动变为被动时,宾语成主语;(作补语的) 不定式前需加to( 位置不变) ;5第 5 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -The boss made him work all day long.He was
19、 made to work all day long (by the boss)(3) 短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”;The children were taken good care of (by her)Your pronun ciati on and spelli ng should be paid atte nti on to.情态动词, be going to、be to 、be sure to、have to等结构变为被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词;(5)当句子的谓语为say ,believe, expect , think , know 、wri
20、te , consider, report 等时,被动语态有两种形式:谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补;用it 作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示;People say he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China
21、first.类似句型有:It is said/k nown /suggested/believed/hoped/thought that.2 .不能用被动语态的几种情形;(1) 全部的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中;(2) 表示状态的谓语动词,如:last 、hold 、con tai n、fit 、cost 等; 表示归属的动词,如have 、own、 belong to等;表示 期望.意图”的动词,如:wish 、want 、hope 、like 、love 、hate 等;(5) 宾语为反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态;(6) 宾语为同源宾语.不定式
22、.动名词等,谓语动词不用被动语态;3 . 主动形式表被动意义;(1) 当 feel 、look 、smell 、taste 、sou nd等后面接形容词时;当cut 、read 、sell 、wear 、write 等带状语修饰语时;当动词表示 开头.终止.关.停.转.启动”等意义时;The fish smells good.This kind of cloth washes easily. These novels wont sell well. My pen writes smoothly.6第 6 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - -
23、- - - - - - - - - - -The door wont lock.(2) 当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示 发生.关闭.制定”等意思时;The pla n worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall tur ned off.(3) want 、require 、need 后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义;(4) be worth doi ng用主动形式表示被动含义;( 5)在“ be +形容词 + to do ”中,不定式的规律宾语为句子的主语,用主动代
24、被动;This kind of water isn t fit to drink. The gir l isn t easy to get along with.留意: be to blame ( 受声讨 ) , be to rent ( 出租 ) 也用主动形式表被动;4被动形式表示主动意义的几种情形;be seated坐着;be hidden隐藏;be lost 迷路;be drunk喝醉;be dressed穿着5被动语态与系表结构的区分;此处的系表结构指“连系动词用作表语的过去分词”结构,它与被动语态的形式完全一样;要留意它们的区分:被动语态强调动作;系表结构表示主语的特点或状态;The
25、 book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.( 系表结构)7第 7 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -动词的时态和语态在高考中的应用.谓语动词与语法填空在语法填空中,动词的时态为必考内容;其中,最常考的为一般过去时或者主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时态,以及现在进行时.过去进行时和一般将来时;被动语态为常考的内容,会涉及一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态;【典题试做1】用所给动词的正确形式填空1. It was r
26、aining lightly when I( arrive ) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn t care. ( 2021 .全国 I)答案arrived解析主句谓语动词使用了过去进行时was raining,后一句中用了一般过去时didn t care ,依据语境此处要用一般过去时态;2. This cycle( go)day after day :The walls warm up during the day and cooloff during the night and are thus always a timely offset(
27、抵了肖 )for the outside temperatures. ( 2021 .全国 n)答案goes解析此处指这种循环不断地连续下去,由冒号后内容的时态可知这种情形为客观事实,故用一般现在时态;3. He sold or excha nged some of the milk in the tow ns n earby for other food and madecheese and butter for the family with what( leave ) .( 2021 . 广东) 答案was left解析除去卖掉的和换其他食物的牛奶,剩下的他就用来制作奶酪和黄油;分析句子
28、结构可知,这里为what 引导的一个宾语从句,依据句意可知用一般过去时的被动语态;故填was left ;4. In1969 、the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland、Ohio.It( be ) unimag in able that it could ever be clea ned up. ( 2021 .新课标全国 I)答案was解析事情发生在1969 年,为一个过去的时间,故此处要用一般过去时;故填was ;5. Be patient.Tai Chi ( call ) “ shadow box
29、ing” in English.It asks you to8第 8 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -act like water:.( 2021 .辽宁 )答案is called解析依据后一句可知用一般现在时,且 Tai Chi与 call 之间为被动关系,所以要用一般现在时的被动语态;故填is called;6 .James has just arrived、but I didnyesterday.(2021.重庆 )t know he (come) until答案was coming解析k
30、now 后面为宾语从句,从句动词相对于know而言指将要发生的动作,而 come、 leave等瞬时动词可用进行时态表示将来的动作;依据didn t 可知此处应当用过去进行时态表示过去将来的动作;故填was comi ng ;【应计策略1】1. 句中如缺少谓语,留意要考虑所给动词的时态和语态;判定时态第一要确定时间,然后依据动作发生的状态来判定应当运用哪种时态;有时也可以依据空格后和该句中已经存在的谓语动词的并列关系来确定时态;2. 句中缺少谓语,且与主语存在被动关系,考虑依据时间和动作存在的方式,确定相应时态的被动语态;留意只有及物动词才有被动语态;3. 在确定谓语动词的时态和语态时,我们可
31、从四个方面来进行判定:(1) 看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句;(2) 看上下文的谓语动词的形式;(3) 看为否为特殊的句型;如:was/were about to do.whe n.did .It is/has been+时间段 + since 从句 ( 一般过去时 )It/This/That is the first time that. have/has done.或 It/This/That was the first time that.had don e.It s (high time) that.did/should do.Hardly had+ 主语 +done.when.di
32、d. _或 No sooner had+ 主语 + done.than.did. 这样的句型仍有许多,平常要留意积存;(4) 看与主语存在主动关系仍为被动关系;如为被动,仍需看所给词为否为及物动词,为否考查主动表被动等;(5) 留意主谓为否一样;.谓语动词与短文改错9第 9 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -短文改错中对于谓语动词的考查点常会涉及到考查上下文时态不一样.被动语态漏掉be 或过去分词拼写错误;【典题试做2】单句改错 ( 每道题 1 处错误 )1 When I was a child,
33、 I hoped to live in the city.I think I would be happy there.(2021 .全国 I )答案think Tthought解析整个语境讲的都为过去的事情,所以think 也为当时的想法,故应当用一般过去时,故 think 改 为 thought;2 In the mornings,it was full of students exercising.The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.Close to the school there was a beautif
34、ul park with many trees.( 2015 .浙江 )答案is twas解析 从前一句中的it was 到后面一句的there was可以判定整个语境应当为一般过去时,所以将is 改为 was ;3. A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.( 2021.全国n)答案telling ttold解析句子的主语为A woman谓语为 saw 、crying 为宾补, and 连接的为两个谓语,而不为两个宾补,所以telling 改 为 told ;4. Lots of studies have
35、 been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.( 2021 .全国 I )答案去掉 been解析studies 与 show 之间为主动关系,所以去掉been ;5. Tony was scared and begun to cry.( 2021 .全国 n)答案begun tbegan解析 was scared与 begun 为由 and 连接的两个并列谓语,由was scared可知应用一般过去时, begin的过去式为began , begun 为其过去分词,所以begun 改 为 be
36、gan ;6. The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. ( 2021 . 辽宁)答案have thas解析本句主语为The early morning barking, barking为不行数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数第三人称形式,故谓语动词have 改为has ;7. My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of flowers and treesaround the
37、classroom buildi ngs.We can lie on the grass.( 2021.新课标全国n)答案look tlooks10第 10 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -解析由下文可知,语境为一般现在时,而且主语为第三人称单数My dream school,因此谓语动词应用第三人称单数,故look 改为looks ;8. Tea in China was traditionallydrank from cups without handles.( 2021 .新课标全11第
38、11 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -国 n)答案drank 宀 drunk解析 tea 与 drink 之间为动宾关系,所以用被动语态,动词drink 的过去分词为drank 改 为 drunk ;应计策略2】做动词类改错题时,需留意以下几个方面:( 1)判定一般现在时与一般过去时为否错用;( 2)and , but , so 、or 等并列连词前后的时态为否一样;( 3)除了时态,仍要留意主谓为否一样;( 4)看为否考查虚拟语气;( 5)看谓语部分为否缺少动词,特殊为be 动词;( 6)看动
39、词的形式为否正确,特殊为第三人称单数形式为否错用;( 7)看主动语态和被动语态为否错用;.书面表达中谓语动词易错点聚焦1 .中式英语比比皆为;(误 )1 very like listen music and every day I also will see some newspapers.(正) I like listening to music very much and every day I read some newspapers as well. (习惯性动作用一般现在时)(误) 1 don t know I should do what.(正) I don t know what
40、 I should do.2 .句子没有谓语动词或一个句子中显现多个谓语;(误) The windows broken.(正) The windows broke.(正) The windows are( were ) broken.drunk ;故(误) Today、the largest number of people speak English may be in China.(正) Today、the largest number of people who speak English may be in China.(正) Today、the largest number of p
41、eople speaking English may be in China.3.动词的时态.语态及系动词be 随便乱用;(误) Recently、the CCTV and some TVs began to take some measures.(正) Recently、the CCTV and some TVs have begun to take some measures.(误) She liked it very much and reads it to the class.(正) She liked it very much and read it to the class.12第 12 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -(误) People were used to believe that the earth was flat.(正) People used to believe that the earth was flat.(误) Our village has take n place great cha nges.(误) Gr